《每日一课》第十八课：区块链的智能合约（上） “智能合约”概念是由 计算机 科学家、加密大师尼克？萨博于1993年左右提出来的。1994年他写成了《智能合约》论文，是...
资讯 2024-06-25 阅读:86 评论:0
“智能合约”概念是由计算机科学家、加密大师尼克?萨博于1993年左右提出来的。1994年他写成了《智能合约》论文，是智能合约的开山之作。
The concept of an "intelligent contract" was proposed by 作为一位因为比特币打下基础而受到广泛赞誉的密码学家，尼克?萨博为智能合约下的定义如下：智能合约是一套以数字形式定义的承诺，承诺控制着数字资产并包含了合约参与者约定的权利和义务。 As a cryptographer widely praised for laying the foundations of Bitcoin, Nick Sabo defined smart contracts as follows: smart contracts are a set of commitments defined in digital form, a commitment to control digital assets and include the rights and obligations agreed upon by the parties to the contracts. 智能合约的简单解释就是，你我约定了一件事，赌约是一百块钱，如果事件发生了，合约就给你发送一百块，否则，合约就给我发送一百块。 The simple explanation for a smart contract is that you and I made a deal about $100, and if anything happens, the contract will send you $100, or the contract will send me $100. 但是尼克?萨博关于智能合约的工作理论迟迟没有实现，一个重要原因是因为缺乏能够支持可编程合约的数字系统和技术。直到区块链技术的出现和被广泛使用，尼克?萨博的理念才有了实现的机会。 But Nick Sabo’s work theory on smart contracts has been slow to materialize, one important reason being the lack of digital systems and technology that can support programmable contracts. Until block chain technology emerges and is widely used, Nick Sabo’s ideas will not be realized. 区块链技术不仅可以支持可编程合约，而且具有去中心化、不可篡改、过程透明可追踪等优点，天然适合于智能合约。因此，也可以说，智能合约是区块链技术的特性之一。 Block chain technology not only supports programmable contracts, but also has the advantages of decentralizing, non-alterable, transparent processes that can be tracked, and is naturally appropriate for intelligent contracts. Smart contracts, therefore, can also be said to be one of the characteristics of block chain technology. 最终于2013年，作为以太坊智能合约系统的一部分，智能合约首次出现。 Eventually, in 2013, smart contracts appeared for the first time as part of the Etherno Smart Contract System. 可以说，以太坊的灵魂就是智能合约。 It can be said that the soul of Etherwood is an intelligent contract. 以太坊用事实证明，相比较仅使用数字货币，人们可以用这项技术实现更多事情。全新一类的分布式应用都可以被构想出来，并部署到一个可以支持它们的区块链上。 In the community, it turns out that one can do more with this technology than with digital money alone. A new kind of distributional application can be conceived and deployed on a block chain that can support them. 基于区块链的智能合约构建及执行，智能合约的工作原理分为以下几步： Smart contract construction and execution based on block chains, the working principles of smart contracts are divided into the following steps: 第一步，多方用户共同参与制定一份智能合约； As a first step, multi-user participation in the development of a smart contract; 第二步，合约通过P2P网络扩散并存入区块链； The second step is to spread the contract through the P2P network and place it in the block chain; 第三步，区块链构建的智能合约自动执行。 Step three, smart contracts for block chain construction are performed automatically. 智能合约看上去就是一段计算机执行程序，满足可准确自动执行即可，那么为什么用传统的技术很难实现，而需要区块链技术等新技术呢？ Smart contracts appear to be a 那是因为传统技术即使通过软件限制、性能优化等方法，也无法同时实现区块链的特性：一是数据无法删除、修改，只能新增，保证了历史的可追溯，同时作恶的成本将很高，因为其作恶行为将被永远记录；二是去中心化，避免了中心化因素的影响。 That is because traditional technologies, even through software limitations and performance optimization, cannot simultaneously achieve the characteristics of the block chain: first, data cannot be deleted, modified, added, historical traceability ensured, and the costs of malfeasance would be high, because their malpractices will be recorded forever; and second, decentralization avoids the effects of the centralization factor. 基于区块链技术的智能合约不仅可以发挥智能合约在成本效率方面的优势，而且可以避免恶意行为对合约正常执行的干扰。将智能合约以数字化的形式写入区块链中，由区块链技术的特性保障存储、读取、执行整个过程透明可追踪、不可篡改。同时，由区块链自带的共识算法构建出一套状态机系统，使智能合约能够高效地运行。 Smart contracts based on block chain technology not only allow for the advantage of smart contracts in terms of cost efficiency, but also avoid malicious behavior that interferes with the proper execution of contracts. Smart contracts are digitized into block chains, where the characteristics of block chain technologies guarantee storage, reading, and transparency of the entire process can be traced and not tampered with. 但同时智能合约程序不只是一个可以自动执行的计算机程序，它本身就是一个系统参与者，对接收到的信息进行回应，可以接收和存储价值，也可以向外发送信息和价值。这个程序就像一个可以被信任的人，可以临时保管资产，总是按照事先的规则执行操作。 But at the same time, the smart contract program is not just a self-executing program
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