石油蜡

石油蜡是一种固态烃，主要成分为石蜡。它存在于原油、馏分油和渣油中，具有蜡的分子结构，熔点30℃-35℃。

Petroleum waxes are solid hydrocarbons, the main ingredient of which is paraffins. They are present in crude oil, distilled oil and slag oil, with waxed molecular structures, melting at 30 °C-35 °C.

石油是有多种成分组成的，一般都含蜡。自从人类石油开采以来，就无时无刻不与蜡打着交道。蜡在油管道中的聚积是石油工业中令人头痛的难题。据上世纪80年代后期不完全统计，仅美国每年用于清除油井结蜡的这项费用就高达600万美元。所以蜡也是石油科技工作者长期探讨的课题之一。

Oil is made up of a variety of components, usually waxes. Since human oil was mined, waxes have been crossed from time to time. The accumulation of wax in oil pipelines is a headache for the oil industry.

在油田未开发之前，原油是埋在地层中的，这时是处于高温、高压条件下，原油大多呈单相液体存在，蜡是完全溶解在原油之中的。在油层的开发过程中，当原油从油层流入井底，再从井底沿井筒举升到井口时，随着压力、温度降低到一定程度后，蜡就从原油中离析出来，形成的结晶颗粒在一定条件下聚积增大，并且不断地黏结在油管壁上，这就是油井的结蜡。

Before the oil fields were developed, crude oil was buried in the ground, at high temperatures and pressures, most of which were single-phase liquids, and waxes were completely dissolved in the crude oil. During the development of the reservoir, when crude oil flowed from the oil layer to the bottom of the well, then from the bottom of the well to the bottom of the tube to the bottom of the well, the wax came out of the crude oil as pressure and temperature dropped to a certain degree, and the crystallized particles were accumulated under certain conditions and were continuously glued to the tube wall, which is the oil well wax.

科学家调查了已探明的世界各个油田，发现了一个十分有趣的现象，即高含蜡原油很少产自世界最丰富的油产区，如中东、马拉开波湾、墨西哥、美国德克萨斯等地。而地球各大洲的一些特定区域，包括我国的一些油区的第三系，原油中的含蜡量则很高。

Scientists have investigated the proven oil fields of the world and have found that highly waxed crude oil rarely originates in the world’s richest oil-producing regions, such as the Middle East, the Gulf of Maracai, Mexico, and the United States of America in Texas. While some specific regions of the planet, including some of our oil zones, are the third largest, there is a high level of wax in crude oil.

产出高含蜡原油的地层具有以下几个方面的特征：

The following characteristics are present in the formations that produce highly waxed crude oil:

1. 几乎都是砂泥质岩系；2.所有岩系均在低含盐或半含盐环境中形成；3.大多数地层都含煤层、油页岩或其他高碳质沉积物；4.生油层大多形成于靠近陆地边缘的湖泊、海湾及三角洲地区；5.蜡与硫互相不容，即在产出高蜡原油的地层中含硫量低，产出高含硫原油的层系中含蜡量低。

1. Almost all are sandy rock systems; 2. All rock systems are formed in low-salin or semi-salinic environments; 3. Most layers contain coal, oil shale or other high-carbon sediments; 4. The biomass is formed mostly in lakes, bays and delta areas close to the land edge; 5. waxes and sulphur are incompatible, i.e., low levels of sulphur in the layers that produce high-sulfur crude oil and low levels of wax in the layers that produce high-sulfur crude oil.

人们终于认识到，高含蜡原油反映了某类生油物质的影响，这些物质主要生于淡水、低含盐的水体和沿海沉积环境中。例如，我国东部大部分油田就形成于这类沉积环境，所以大多高含蜡。高含蜡原油几乎不产于广阔海洋的正常海相沉积物中，这一点，在我国西北地区古生代低层油藏中也有验证。

It has finally been recognized that high-grade crude oil reflects the effects of some kind of biomass, mainly in freshwater, low-saline water bodies and coastal sediments. For example, most of the oil fields in the eastern part of the country form such sediments, so most of them are highly waxed.

高含蜡原油主要生成在第三纪、白垩纪和石炭纪时期的地层中，这些地质历史时期正是陆生生物繁盛的时期。所以有理由相信在地区历史中，生油物质至少会有一部分为陆源植物物质，而且正是它们使原有的蜡质大大增加了。

High waxed crude oil is mainly produced in the 3rd, Chrysotile, and pyrotechnic periods of geological history, which are time-consuming for terrestrial organisms. There is reason to believe that, in the history of the region, at least part of the biomass is a land-based plant material, and it is they that have significantly increased the original wax.

井口、地面管线的结蜡，井口回压增大，深井泵压头增大。

The rayation of boreholes and ground tubes increases the pressure of boreholes and the pressure of deep well pumps.

深井泵出口结蜡、油管沿程损失增大、地面驱动系统负荷增大。

Deep well pumps exported waxing, increased pipeline loss and increased ground-drive system load.

下泵部位结蜡、泵的吸油状况变差。

Lower pumps waxed and pumped oil was in poor condition.

泵吸入口以下结蜡，泵效降低，易烧泵。

Pumps have waxed below their mouths, reduced pumping efficiency and become fire-prone pumps.

结蜡对产量的影响。缩小了油管孔径，增大抽油杆外径，增加了油流阻力，使油井减产，严重时会把油井堵死，发生卡泵现象。深井泵结蜡易产生泵漏失，降低泵的充满系数，减少抽油井的产量。

The effect of waxing on production is reduced by reducing the pipe aperture, increasing the outside diameter of pumping poles, increasing the resistance to oil flow, reducing production in wells and, in serious cases, blocking wells and causing card-pumping. Deep wells are prone to pump leaks by waxing, reducing the pump's fill factor and reducing the production of pump wells.

结蜡对悬点载荷的影响。抽油机井在生产过程中，如果油管内结蜡严重，在结蜡井段的摩擦阻力增大。上冲程中增加悬点载荷；下冲程中故减小悬点载荷。也就是说，结蜡引起交变载荷的增大，影响抽油杆工作寿命。

In the process of production, pump wells increase friction resistance at the waxing wells if the tubes are severe. In the run-up, the suspension load is added; in the dive, the suspension load is reduced. That is to say, it causes an increase in the transfer load, which affects the working life of the pump poles.

结蜡易造成对杆管偏磨，增加作业工作量。^[1]

Waxing can easily lead to the grinding of poles, increasing the workload. ^[1]

由于各个油田的情况不同，蜡的性质也会各异，在常规的原油开采过程中，除蜡的方法主要为：机械方法、热力学方法及化学方法等。近年来，人们又摸索出一些新的除蜡方法。

The nature of waxes varies from field to field, and in conventional crude oil mining, the main methods of waxing are mechanical, thermal and chemical methods. In recent years, new methods of waxing have been identified.

有一种间接的除蜡方法，可利用太阳能进行二次采油。它是在井口将采出的原油加热，再将一部分加热了的原油注回油层中去，从而降低了油层中剩余原油的黏度，使这部分原油易于开采、泵送和处理加工。首先，科技人员利用太阳能（也可以利用地热等其他低价能量）加热原油储罐内密闭的换热盘管中的循环工作液体，工作液体将热能传递给储罐中的原油；然后，再将已加热的原油泵入油层，加热油层中的剩余原油，使其黏度下降，提高原油采收率。需要指出的是，这种储油罐通常位于一口或多口生产井附近，用于临时储存从油井输出的原油。

There is an indirect method of waxing, where solar energy can be used for secondary oil extraction. It is the heating of crude oil to be extracted at wellheads, and then the refilling of some of the heated crude oil back into the reservoir, thereby reducing the stickyness of the remaining crude oil in the reservoir, which makes it easier to extract, pump, and process. First, the technologists use the circular working fluids in the closed heat-up plate of the crude oil storage tank, which can also be used to heat up (other low-cost energy such as geothermal), which transmits heat to the crude oil in the tank; and then the heating of the remaining crude oil in the heated tank, which reduces its stickyness and increases the rate of crude oil recovery. It needs to be pointed out that such storage tanks are usually located near one or more wells for the temporary storage of crude oil exported from the wells.

在现阶段，我国的油井大多数还使用传统的刮蜡器方法除蜡，费时又费工，效率低下。而国外一些油田，已开始采用商品化的细菌制品，控制油井结蜡。在生产实践中，人们将固态的或液态的细菌制品注入到适合的油井井底，使细菌在那里生长繁殖并不断地氧化原油中的蜡质组分，同时产生有机酸等中间代谢产物，减少原油中的蜡质含量，增加蜡质组分在原油中的溶解度，从而达到控制油井结蜡的目的。

At this stage, most of our oil wells also use traditional waxers to remove waxes, which are time-consuming and inefficient. In some oil fields abroad, commercialized bacteria products have been introduced to control oil well rays. In production practice, solid or liquid bacteria are injected into the bottom of suitable wells, where bacteria grow and reproduce and are constantly oxidizing wax fractions in crude oil, while producing intermediate metabolites such as organic acid, reducing the wax content of crude oil and increasing the solubility of the wax group in crude oil, thereby achieving the objective of controlling oil well rays.

现国外一些油田多运用非化学的方法来预防和消除流体中石蜡的形成、预防油井及管路中石蜡的堆积，同时在消除颗粒物静电、水垢处理等方面都有非常成熟的应用。电磁防蜡除垢器（简称LKC）已经被证实能在石蜡控制、水处理/水垢控制中代替化学物质的使用，极大的减少了对设备中所需的管道清理。

Non-chemical methods are used in a number of oilfields abroad to prevent and eliminate the formation of paraffins in fluids, prevent the accumulation of paraffins in oil wells and tubeways, and are well-developed in the elimination of particulate electrostatic power and the treatment of dildos. The use of electromagnetic wax removers (LKC) has been proven to replace chemical substances in paraffin control, water treatment/supplement control, significantly reducing the amount of pipe clean-up required in equipment.

原油开采和输油管线存在的一个主要问题是石蜡积聚，限制原油流动。原油产量由给定时间内经过任何给定管道的流量所决定。过去是用热油、清管和化学方法控制石蜡沉积，现在用因爱特石油流量电磁流体稳定系统能够稳定原油。保持石蜡悬浮于溶液中。

One of the major problems with crude oil extraction and pipelines is the accumulation of paraffins, which limits the flow of crude oil. The crude oil production is determined by the flow of any given pipeline over a given period of time.

如同水和其它流体，油有一个当暴露于感应场中可以被改变的分子结构。电磁力粘接工艺是通过电动能将石蜡分子粘接到其它分子上以稳定石蜡分子。稳定过程（形成分子键）中和石蜡分子，失去从溶液中析出并在内管壁表面形成沉积的能力。

Like water and other fluids, the oil has a molecular structure that can be changed when exposed to the induction field. The electromagnetic glue process uses electrodynamic energy to glue paraffin molecules to other molecules to stabilize paraffin molecules. The stabilization process (formulating molecular keys) and paraffin molecules lose the ability to extract from the solution and form sediments on the surface of the inner tube wall.

当此流体稳定系统被安装在地上油井口排放处时，流体极化现象对来自油井的输入油产生逆反作用，这取决于施加在碳钢管道上电磁感力有多强。这些电磁感应力重新排碳钢管道内以及油中的分子，在管壳中形成一种分子链。电磁感应力足以将石蜡分子保持在溶液中（悬浮）。电磁感应能与线圈长度无关。它是通过极化发生作用，可以在无穷尽距离上双向进行测量。例如电磁感应能的必然定律是在一段足够长钢管的中心安装一个短的感应线圈。当给线圈通电时，整个油管都会被磁化。

When this fluid stabilization system is installed at the point of discharge at the bottom of the oil wells, it is counterproductive to the input oil from the wells, depending on the degree of electromagnetic sensitivity that is applied to carbon steel pipes. These electromagnetic sensors re-eject carbon steel pipes and the molecules in the oils form a molecular chain in the casings. The electromagnetic sensitivity is sufficient to keep paraffin molecules in the solution (suspension). The electromagnetic sense should be independent of the length of the coil. It works through polarization and can be measured both ways at endless distances.

图 1： 当分子任意出现时，正常情况下在未处理的油中它们依附在管壁两侧。

Figure 1: When molecules appear arbitrarily, normally they are attached to both sides of the tube wall in unprocessed oil.

图 2： 磁场路径。这种磁力形成正确的磁能与油系统两级分化分子。

Diagram 2: Magnetic field path. This magnetic force forms the right two-stage separation molecules between the magnetic energy and the oil system.

图 3： 当分子系统处理过后，内磁力以定向阳极和阴极的方式产生一条分子链，导致上游和下游碳钢油管中的分子出现极化。^[2]

Figure 3: When molecular systems are processed, internal magnetism produces a molecular chain in a directional anode and a cathode, leading to the polarization of molecules in upstream and downstream carbon steel pipelines. ^[2]

由含蜡馏分油或渣油经加工精制得到的一类石油产品，包括石蜡、地蜡、液体石蜡、石油脂等。石油蜡占蜡的总耗量的90%，其余为动植物蜡（如蜂蜡、羊毛蜡等，主要组成为高级脂肪酸和醇化合成的酯类）。

Petroleum products, including paraffins, ground waxes, liquid paraffins, petroleum lipids, etc., are processed and refined. Petroleum waxes account for 90% of total wax consumption, with the remaining animal and plant waxes (e.g. bee waxes, wool waxes, etc.) consisting mainly of advanced fatty acids and esters synthesed with ethanol.

石蜡又称晶形蜡，是从原油蒸馏所得的润滑油馏分经溶剂精制、溶剂脱蜡或经蜡冷冻结晶、压榨脱蜡制得蜡膏，再经溶剂脱油或发汗脱油，并补充精制制得的片状或针状结晶。主要成分为正构烷烃，也有少量带个别支链的烷烃和带长侧链的环烷烃。烃类分子的碳原子数约为18～30（平均分子量250～450）。主要质量指标为熔点和含油量，前者表示耐温能力，后者表示纯度。根据加工精制程度的不同，可分成全精炼石蜡、半精炼石蜡和粗石蜡三种。每类蜡又按熔点（一般每隔 2℃）分成不同品种。其中全精炼石蜡和半精炼石蜡用途很广，主要用作食品及其他商品的组分及包装材料，烘烤容器的涂敷料、化妆品原料，用于水果保鲜、提高橡胶抗老化性和增加柔韧性、电器元件绝缘、精密铸造、铁笔蜡纸、蜡笔、蜡烛、复写纸等。粗石蜡由于含油量较多,主要用于制造火柴、纤维板、篷帆布等。含油量4%～6%的石蜡，又称皂用蜡，用于氧化生产合成脂肪酸。石蜡的另一用途是经裂化生成α－烯烃。

Paraffins, also known as crystal waxes, are distilled from crude oil distillation into solvent concentrates, solvent decomposes or wax freezes crystals by wax, pressurized waxes out of waxes, waxes out of soluble oils or sweats, and supplements to finely made tablets or needle-like crystals. The main components are active alkaline hydrocarbons, with a small number of alkaline hydrocarbons and long-strawed naphthalenes. The carbon atoms of hydrocarbon molecules are about 18-30 (average molecular weight 250-450). The main qualitative indicators are smelting sites and oils, the former indicating heat-resistantness, the latter indicating purity. Depending on the degree of processing, they can be divided into fully refined paraffins, semi-precised parachutes and parachutes. Each type of wax can be divided into melting points (generally 2°C) with individual chains.

石蜡中加入聚烯烃添加剂后，其熔点提高，粘附性和柔韧性增加，而广泛用于防潮、防水的包装纸、纸板、某些纺织品的表面涂层和蜡烛生产。通常所用的添加剂是分子量1500～15000的聚乙烯，或分子量3500～40000的聚异丁烯，添加量0.5%～3%。

When polyolefin additives are added to the paraffins, their melting point is increased, their stickyness and flexibility are increased, and they are widely used in tidal, waterproof wrapping paper, cardboard, surface coatings of certain textiles and candle production.

地蜡又称微晶形蜡，是从原油蒸馏所得的浅渣润滑油料经溶剂脱蜡、蜡溶剂脱油和精制而得的微细晶体，也可以天然矿地蜡以及沉积在含蜡石油油井管壁、原油贮罐和输油管线中的固体物质制得。地蜡的成分比石蜡复杂，视原油的不同，除正构烷烃外，还含有不同数量的多支链异构烷烃及环状化合物。烃类分子的碳原子数约为 40～55（平均分子量大于450）。具有良好的触变性，不易脆裂，防湿、密封、粘附性和电绝缘性好。含少量油的提纯地蜡的滴点（在标准设备中加热熔化开始滴下的温度）为67～80℃。常用于电讯元件绝缘、铸造模型（蜡模）、产品密封、地板蜡等。滴点为62℃的地蜡，掺入甘油等辅料，用于制造润面油、发蜡、冷香脂等。地蜡经适度氧化后可用作巴西棕榈蜡的代用品的组分。

Algebra, also known as microcrystal wax, is produced from crude oil distillation by solvent de-fraying, wax solvent de-oiling and fine crystals, and by natural mineral waxes, as well as solid substances deposited in the walls of the oil wells, crude oil tanks and pipelines containing wax. The composition of the wax is more complex than that of paraffins, depending on the volume of crude oil, and contains, in addition to orthopaedic alkaline hydrocarbons, a different number of multi-chain isomeral hydrocarbons and ring-like compounds. Carbon atoms for hydrocarbon molecules are about 40 to 55 (average molecular volume is greater than 450). Good contact variability, non-fracturing, wet, sealing, viscosiveness and electro-insulation are good.

液体石蜡 　　原油蒸馏所得的煤油或轻柴油馏分经分子筛脱蜡或尿素脱蜡制得的液态正构烷烃。熔点低于27℃，碳原子数约10～18（平均分子量150～250），主要用于生产烷基苯磺酸盐、烷基磺酸盐、烷基硫酸盐以及非离子型合成洗涤剂（见表面活性剂），用于氧化生产高级醇，也作为生产石油蛋白的原料。

Liquid paraffins Distillation of crude oil by kerosene or light diesel distillation of liquid n-alkanes made from molecular sifting or urea waxing. The melting point is less than 27 °C, with carbon atoms of about 10-18 (average molecular weight 150-250), used mainly for the production of alkyl sulfonic acid, alkyl sulfate, alkyl sulfate and non-ion-type synthetic detergents (see surfactants) for the production of advanced ethanol and also for the production of petroleum proteins.

石油脂 　是含油的地蜡，为油膏状半固体。习惯上将未精制的称为石油脂，精制后的称为凡士林。商品石油脂滴点为55℃，用于制造提纯地蜡或用作润滑脂。商品凡士林中的医药用凡士林是经发烟硫酸－白土法或加氢精制法深度精制而成，滴点约40～54℃，用于配制药膏。工业用凡士林精制深度较浅，用于金属防锈或作润滑脂。

Oil resins are oil-containing land waxes, which are oscillated semi-solids. Unfinished ones are customally called oil resins, and refined ones are known as Vanslin. Commodity oil droplets are 55°C for the manufacture of purified ground waxes or for use as lubricant. The pharmaceutical use of Vansilins in commercial vansin is refined in depth by fumigated sulfuric acid-white earth or hydrogen concentrate, with drop points of about 40 to 54°C for use in pharmaceutical ointment. The industrial process uses vansilins to produce shallower depths for metal protection against rust or lubrication.