习近平总书记在中央政治局第十八次集体学习时强调，“区块链技术的集成应用在新的技术革新和产业变革中起着重要作用”。在以信息技术为主要特征的第四次产业革命中，如何占领先机，如何在区块链数字化进程中助力产业变革?本文从区块链实际应用的五个场景为区块链从业者和用户传递行业信息，让读者能够多层面、多维度去了解区块链这个行业，从而作出自己正确的判断。
The Secretary-General of Xi Jinping, in his eighteenth collective study at the Central Political Bureau, stressed that “the integration of block-chain technologies plays an important role in new technological innovations and industrial transformations.” In the fourth industrial revolution, with information technology as its main feature, how to take the lead, and how to contribute to industrial change in the process of digitizing block-chains? The five scenes actually used in this paper convey industry information to sector practitioners and users, enabling readers to understand the industry of block-chains in a multi-dimensional and multi-dimensional manner.
区块链(Blockchain)是一种将数据区块有序连接，并以密码学方式保证其不可篡改、不可伪造的分布式账本(数据库)技术。通俗的说，区块链技术可以在无需第三方背书情况下实现系统中所有数据信息的公开透明、不可篡改、不可伪造、可追溯。区块链作为一种底层协议或技术方案可以有效地解决信任问题，实现价值的自由传递，在数字货币、金融资产的交易结算、数字政务、存证防伪数据服务等领域具有广阔前景。
Block chains (Blockchain) are a technology that provides an orderly connection of data blocks and secures them in a cryptologically inescapable and non-falseable distributed books (databases). In general terms, block chain technologies can make all data information in the system transparent, non-false, non-false, and traceable without third-party endorsement. Block chains can effectively address trust issues as a bottom-line agreement or technical programme that allows for the free transmission of value and offers broad prospects in the areas of digital currency, financial asset transaction settlement, digital government, and security against forgery data services.
数字货币
digital currency
在经历了实物、贵金属、纸钞等形态之后，数字货币已经成为数字经济时代的发展方向。相比实体货币，数字货币具有易携带存储、低流通成本、使用便利、易于防伪和管理、打破地域限制，能更好整合等特点。
After experiencing physical, precious metals, banknotes, etc., digital money has become the norm in the digital economy. Digital money has the characteristics of portable storage, low circulation costs, ease of use, ease of forgery and management, breaking geographical limits, and better integration than real currencies.
比特币技术上实现了无需第三方中转或仲裁，交易双方可以直接相互转账的电子现金系统。2019年6月互联网巨头Facebook也发布了其加密货币天秤币(Libra)白皮书。无论是比特币还是Libra其依托的底层技术正是区块链技术。
Bitcoin has technically achieved an electronic cash system that allows both parties to transfer directly to each other without third-party transit or arbitration. In June 2019, Facebook, an Internet giant, also published its White Paper on the encrypted Libra.
我国早在2014年就开始了央行数字货币的研制。我国的数字货币DC/EP采取双层运营体系：央行不直接向社会公众发放数字货币，而是由央行把数字货币兑付给各个商业银行或其他合法运营机构，再由这些机构兑换给社会公众供其使用。2019年8月初，央行召开下半年工作电视会议，会议要求加快推进国家法定数字货币研发步伐。
Our digital currency DC/EP has a two-tier operating system: instead of issuing digital money directly to the public, it is the central bank that cedes it to commercial banks or other legitimate operators, which converts it to the public for their use. In early August 2019, the central bank convened a working video conference for the second half of August 2019, which called for accelerated progress in the development of the country’s legal digital currency.
金融资产交易结算
区块链技术天然具有金融属性，它正对金融业产生颠覆式变革。支付结算方面，在区块链分布式账本体系下，市场多个参与者共同维护并实时同步一份“总账”，短短几分钟内就可以完成现在两三天才能完成的支付、清算、结算任务，降低了跨行跨境交易的复杂性和成本。同时，区块链的底层加密技术保证了参与者无法篡改账本，确保交易记录透明安全，监管部门方便地追踪链上交易，快速定位高风险资金流向。证券发行交易方面，传统股票发行流程长、成本高、环节复杂，区块链技术能够弱化承销机构作用，帮助各方建立快速准确的信息交互共享通道，发行人通过智能合约自行办理发行，监管部门统一审查核对，投资者也可以绕过中介机构进行直接操作。数字票据和供应链金融方面，区块链技术可以有效解决中小企业融资难问题。目前的供应链金融很难惠及产业链上游的中小企业，因为他们跟核心企业往往没有直接贸易往来，金融机构难以评估其信用资质。基于区块链技术，我们可以建立一种联盟链网络，涵盖核心企业、上下游供应商、金融机构等，核心企业发放应收账款凭证给其供应商，票据数字化上链后可在供应商之间流转，每一级供应商可凭数字票据证明实现对应额度的融资。
In the context of payment settlements, multiple participants in the market jointly maintain and synchronize in real time a “basket account” under a system of chain-based accounts in which payment, settlement, and settlement tasks that can now be completed within two or three days reduce the complexity and cost of cross-border transactions. At the same time, the bottom-of-block encryption technology of the block chain ensures that participants cannot alter their books, ensure transparent transaction records are secure, regulatory authorities can easily track transactions on the chain and fast-track high-risk financial flows. In the context of stock issue transactions, traditional stock issuers are able to maintain and synchronize in real time a “basing account” in a few minutes.
数字政务
区块链可以让数据跑起来，大大精简办事流程。区块链的分布式技术可以让政府部门集中到一个链上，所有办事流程交付智能合约，办事人只要在一个部门通过身份认证以及电子签章，智能合约就可以自动处理并流转，顺序完成后续所有审批和签章。区块链发票是国内区块链技术最早落地的应用。税务部门推出区块链电子发票“税链”平台，税务部门、开票方、受票方通过独一无二的数字身份加入“税链”网络，真正实现“交易即开票”“开票即报销”——秒级开票、分钟级报销入账，大幅降低了税收征管成本，有效解决数据篡改、一票多报、偷税漏税等问题。扶贫是区块链技术的另一个落地应用。利用区块链技术的公开透明、可溯源、不可篡改等特性，实现扶贫资金的透明使用、精准投放和高效管理。
Block chains allow data to run and significantly streamline processes. The block chain distribution technology allows government departments to focus on a single chain, with all processes delivering smart contracts, which can be processed automatically and processed in a single department through identity certification and electronic signature, followed by all subsequent approvals and signatures. Block chain invoices are the earliest applications of domestic block chain technology. Tax authorities launch the block chain electronic invoicing “tax chain” platform, with tax authorities, ticket-openers, ticket recipients joining the “tax chain” network through unique digital identities, real realization of “transaction-to-count-to-count” and “reimbursement” - second-level ticketing, minute-level claims recording, significant reduction in tax collection costs, and effective resolution of data manipulation, multi-count reporting, tax evasion, etc. Poverty alleviation is another land-falling application of block chain technology.
存证防伪
区块链可以通过哈希时间戳证明某个文件或者数字内容在特定时间的存在，加之其公开、不可篡改、可溯源等特性为司法鉴证、身份证明、产权保护、防伪溯源等提供了完美解决方案。在知识产权领域，通过区块链技术的数字签名和链上存证可以对文字、图片、音频视频等进行确权，通过智能合约创建执行交易，让创作者重掌定价权，实时保全数据形成证据链，同时覆盖确权、交易和维权三大场景。在防伪溯源领域，通过供应链跟踪区块链技术可以被广泛应用于食品医药、农产品、酒类、奢侈品等各领域。
Block chains can prove the existence of a document or digital content at a given time through a Hash time stamp, coupled with their public, non-manufacturing, traceability, etc. features that provide perfect solutions for forensics, identification, property rights protection, and protection against perjury. In the area of intellectual property, digital signatures and chain documentation through block chain technology can confirm the right to text, pictures, audio-visuals, etc., create transactions through smart contracts, re-pricing the creators, creating a chain of evidence for real-time preservation of data, and covering the three main scenes of authentication, trading, and defence. In the area of anti-prostitution, block chain techniques can be widely applied in areas such as food medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, luxury goods, etc.
数据服务
区块链技术将大大优化现有的大数据应用，在数据流通和共享上发挥巨大作用。未来互联网、人工智能、物联网都将产生海量数据，现有中心化数据存储(计算模式)将面临巨大挑战，基于区块链技术的边缘存储(计算)有望成为未来解决方案。再者，区块链对数据的不可篡改和可追溯机制保证了数据的真实性和高质量，这成为大数据、深度学习、人工智能等一切数据应用的基础。最后，区块链可以在保护数据隐私的前提下实现多方协作的数据计算，有望解决“数据垄断”和“数据孤岛”问题，实现数据流通价值。针对当前的区块链发展阶段，为了满足一般商业用户区块链开发和应用需求，众多传统云服务商开始部署自己的BaaS(“区块链即服务”)解决方案。区块链与云计算的结合将有效降低企业区块链部署成本，推动区块链应用场景落地。未来区块链技术还会在慈善公益、保险、能源、物流、物联网等诸多领域发挥重要作用。
Block chain technology will greatly optimize existing large data applications and play a significant role in data flow and sharing. The Internet, artificial intelligence, and physical networking will generate big data in the future. The existing centralized data storage (calculation model) will face enormous challenges. The peripheral storage (calculation) of block chain-based technologies is expected to be a future solution.
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