近日，我们在与一些币圈的朋友们交流时，发现他们对于USDT的性质认定与我国刑事司法实践的认定倾向不一。为避免该种倾向带来的法律风险，本文将为各位读者梳理破坏金融管理秩序的犯罪法益与货币性质外延，分析从事USDT兑换业务的涉刑可能。
Recent days xff0c; when we interacted with friends in some currency circles xff0c; they found that their perception of the nature of USDT was different from that of our criminal justice practice. To avoid the legal risks associated with this tendency xff0c; this paper will help readers to understand the expansiveness of the criminal law and monetary nature of the disruption of the financial management order xff0c; and to analyse the criminal possibilities involved in USDT exchange operations.
在一些币圈朋友看来，我国法律仅保护人民币的法币价值，其他国家的法币并不具备法币意义。基于这样的认识，锚定境外货币的虚拟货币自然不具有危害我国金融管理秩序的可能。但遗憾的是，我国法律规定并非如此。
In the opinion of some of the currency circles’ friends, our laws protect only the French value of the renminbi & #xff0c; the French currency of other countries has no French currency significance. On the basis of this understanding & #xff0c; the virtual currency that anchors the foreign currency does not naturally have the potential to endanger our financial management order. Unfortunately, xff0c; this is not the case under our laws.
根据《最高人民法院关于审理伪造货币等案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》第七条的规定：“本解释所称‘货币’是指可在国内市场流通或者兑换的人民币和境外货币。货币面额应当以人民币计算，其他币种以案发时国家外汇管理机关公布的外汇牌价折算成人民币。”
In accordance with the provisions of article 7 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court of Certain Questions Concerning the Specific Application of the Law in Cases of Counterfeiting Currency, etc., xff1a; “The currency referred to in this Interpretation shall mean the currency of the People's Republic of China, which is capable of circulation or convertible on the domestic market, and the foreign currency.” The face of the currency shall be calculated in the currency of the People's Republic of China xff0c; other currencies shall be converted into the currency of the People's Republic of China by the foreign exchange rate published by the State's foreign exchange administration at the time of the case.”
由此可见，我国在评价货币类犯罪时，对于法币的认定范围是涵盖境外货币的，这也就产生了锚定境外货币的稳定币的法律风险。
This can be seen in xff0c; xff0c for the evaluation of monetary offences in our country; xff0c for the determination of the French currency to cover xff0c for foreign currency; this also creates a legal risk of anchoring the foreign currency to the stability of the currency.
USDT是中文名叫“泰达币”，是Tether公司发行的一种数字货币，Tether公司承诺USDT与美元可以1：1兑换，即Tether公司每发行一枚USDT币，其公司账号就会存入1美元作为保障金，具有稳定兑换的特点。
USDT is called “Tedaco” & #xff0c; it is a digital currency issued by Tether & #xff0c; Tether promised USDT and the United States dollar 1xff1a; 1 convert & #xff0c; i.e., Tether issues USDT & #xff0c each; its corporate account number is deposited in US$ 1 as security & #xff0c; it has stable exchange characteristics.
但也正因为这种稳定性，飒姐团队认为，与美元一比一挂钩的特性使得USDT具备了一定的法币性质与金融属性。而从USDT的具体流通而言，USDT已被国外诸多虚拟货币交易所作为结算货币使用，具有取代法币作为计价标准的客观表现。
But it is also because of this stability xff0c; xff0c, according to sister-in-law’s team; and the characteristics associated with the dollar one-to-one dollar have given the USDT a certain degree of French-currency nature and financial attributes. And for the specific circulation of the USDT xff0c; that the USDT has been used by various virtual currency exchanges abroad as settlement currency xff0c; and that it is an objective expression of the replacement of French currency as a denominated standard.
在我国，个人兑换外汇具有一年5万美元限额，但个人却可以在境外交易所通过兑换USDT绕开外汇的管制，具有侵害金融管理秩序的可能。
In our country xff0c; individual exchange of foreign exchange with a limit of US$ 50,000 per year xff0c; however, individuals can circumvent foreign exchange control xff0c on foreign exchange exchange exchange; there is a risk of violating the financial management order.
综合而言，USDT是由非官方主体发行，具有法币性质，且存在替代法币流通可能的虚拟货币。
In aggregate, xff0c; USDT is issued by unofficial subjects xff0c; it is French xff0c; and there is a virtual currency with the potential for alternative French currency circulation.
基于以上论述，飒姐团队认为，在国内从事USDT的兑换业务可能会构成《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百二十五条规定的非法经营罪。
Based on the above statement xff0c; the xff0c team believes xff0c; and the fact that the exchange of USDT in the country may constitute an offence of illegal operation under Article 225 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China.
该条款的第三、四项规定：“违反国家规定，有下列非法经营行为之一，扰乱市场秩序，情节严重的，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金；情节特别严重的，处五年以上有期徒刑，并处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金或者没收财产：（三）未经国家有关主管部门批准非法经营证券、期货、保险业务的，或者非法从事资金支付结算业务的；（四）其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为。”
The third and fourth provisions of this article xff1a; “Breach of national regulations xff0c; one of the following illegal operations xff0c; Disruption of market order xff0c; Serious xff0c; Sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or to detention xff0c; Fine not more than five times the proceeds of the offence xff1b; Particularly serious xff0c; Sentenced to imprisonment for a term not less than five years xff0c; Fine not more than five times the proceeds of the offence or Confiscation of property xff1a; xff08; IIIxff09; Illegal operation of securities, futures, insurance operations xff0c; xff1b; xff08; IVxff09; other illegal operations seriously disrupting market order.”
正如前述，USDT具有法币性质，而兑换业务常常与资金结算业务挂钩，其代替法币流通的可能性也容易被上述兜底条款所覆盖，飒姐团队认为，USDT兑换业务的表现容易与非法经营罪所列举的非法经营行为相契合。
As noted above xff0c; USDT is French xff0c; exchange operations are often linked to fund clearing xff0c; the possibility of their replacement for circulation in French xff0c is also easily covered by the above-mentioned spin-off provisions; xff0c is considered by sister-in-law's team to be xff0c; and the performance of USDT exchange operations is easily compatible with the illegal conduct enumerated in the offence of illegal operations.
此外，对于非法经营罪的入罪前提“违反国家规定”而言，此前飒姐团队认为侦查机关适用可能性较大的“国家规定”是2017年出台的94号文。但根据《最高人民法院关于准确理解和适用刑法中“国家规定”的有关问题的通知》之规定，对于违反地方性法规、部门规章的行为，不得认定为“违反国家规定”。因此，我们认为这是USDT兑换业务出罪的关键。
In addition, xff0c; xff0c for “violation of the State” in the context of the criminalization of the offence of illegal business; previously, the xff0c team considered the “State Regulation” of 2017, which was more likely to be applied by the investigating authorities, to be the text. However, according to the provisions of the Circular of the Supreme People's Court on the question of the accurate interpretation and application of the “State Regulation” in the Penal Code, xff0c; xff0c for violation of local regulations and sectoral regulations xff0c; xfff0c; therefore xff0c; we consider it to be the key to the offence of the USDT exchange operation.
然而，于2020年10月23日公示的《中国人民银行法》修订意见稿第二十二条规定却打破了这一出罪思路：“任何单位和个人不得制作、发售代币票券和数字代币，以代替人民币在市场上流通。”结合《中国人民银行法》由全国人大常委会颁布的事实，其效力级别已达到刑法中“国家规定”的标准，USDT兑换业务属于发售代币的帮助行为，具有代替法币流通的可能性，依此为业的从业者构成非法经营罪的入罪前提“违反国家规定”已不成问题。
However, xff0c; Article 22 of the revised version of the People's Bank of China Act, which was published on 23 October 2020, broke this criminal line xff1a; “No unit or individual may make, issue or sell coupons and digital tokens xff0c in lieu of the renminbi in the market.” The facts promulgated by the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of China in conjunction with the Law on the People's Bank of China xff0c; it has reached the level of effectiveness of the “State” standard in the Penal Code xff0c; the USDT exchange operation is a contributory act for the sale of currency xff0c; it has the possibility of replacing the circulation of French currency xff0c; it is no longer a question of “violation of State regulations” in the context of the criminalization of illegal operations by operators.
最后
And finally...
USDT兑换业务刑事风险愈发明显，非法经营出罪路径愈发狭隘。在基本构成犯罪争议较小的情况下，从业者如何保全自己成为最重要的事。飒姐团队建议，谨慎行事，及时寻求专业人士帮助，让金融人免受囹圄之苦。
The criminal risk of USDT exchange operations is becoming more evident xff0c; the path of illegal operations is becoming more narrow. In cases where there is essentially less controversy about crime, xff0c; how practitioners can protect themselves from being the most important thing. xff0c is suggested by the sister team. xff0c; be cautious xff0c; seek help from professionals in a timely manner xff0c; and protect financiers from being held hostage.
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