（原标题：目前的虚拟货币相关刑事案件，是否缺一部司法解释？）
继央行、公检法等十部委发布《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》（以下称924新通知）后，有财经专业媒体报道一则消息“公检法机关正对虚拟货币交易所及“挖矿”等相关情况进行研究，探索定罪量刑的具体路径，后续预计会适时出台相关司法解释。”
Following a circular issued by 10 ministries, including the Central Bank and the Public Prosecution Act, on the further prevention and disposal of risks associated with virtual currency transactions (hereinafter referred to as the 924 new circular), there is a news report in the financial and professional media that “the Public Prosecution Authority is conducting a study on the virtual currency exchange and “mining” to explore the specific path of sentencing, and that the relevant judicial explanation is expected to be available in due course.”
对于该消息，曾杰律师认为其真实性有待商榷，但是，从必要性角度来看，接下来对发币、交易、挖矿、智能合约投资等等行为，从刑事法规角度进行定义和规制，存在非常大的必要性,因此从法律人的角度，笔者认为应该呼吁两高出台相关刑事司法解释，对于实践中目前高发的因虚拟货币交易、发行、开设交易所等等行为，在已有的刑法体系的大背景下如何定罪量刑进行细化。
In response to this information, Mr. Chen Jie believes that its authenticity is open to debate, but from the point of view of necessity there is a great need to define and regulate, from the point of view of criminal law, the conduct of money issuance, trading, mining, investment in smart contracts, etc., and therefore, from the point of view of the legal profession, I would like to call upon the two institutions to adopt relevant criminal justice interpretations, and to refine the penalties for the current high incidence in practice of virtual currency transactions, issuances, opening of exchanges, etc., in the broader context of the existing criminal justice system.
开设数字货币交易所，是否涉嫌非法经营罪？
由于2017年虚拟货币94公告全面禁止所有的交易所在境内开展服务，而924新通知中，则进一步确定，“虚拟货币相关业务活动属于非法金融活动。”还具体提出，“开展法定货币与虚拟货币兑换业务、虚拟货币之间的兑换业务、作为中央对手方买卖虚拟货币、为虚拟货币交易提供信息中介和定价服务、代币发行融资以及虚拟货币衍生品交易等虚拟货币相关业务活动涉嫌非法发售代币票券、擅自公开发行证券、非法经营期货业务、非法集资等非法金融活动，一律严格禁止，坚决依法取缔。对于开展相关非法金融活动构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。”
As a result of the 2017 Virtual Currency 94 Proclamation, which comprehensively prohibits all exchanges from carrying out their services in the country, it is further established in the new Circular 924 that “the activities of virtual currency-related operations are illegal financial activities.” It is further specified that “the conduct of legal currency and virtual currency exchange operations, the exchange of virtual currency between virtual currencies, the purchase and sale of virtual currency as a central counterpart, the provision of information intermediaries and pricing services for virtual currency transactions, the financing of currency issuances and the trading of virtual money derivatives are all suspected of illegal sales of currency coupons, unauthorized public issuance of securities, illegal trading of futures and illegal collection of funds are strictly prohibited and firmly prohibited by law.
924新通知中的描述可以看出，十部门认为虚拟货币业务活动是十分高危的非法金融活动，会涉嫌面向公众集资，或者擅自发行证券，非法经营期货等等，比如此前很多案件显示，很多ICO会涉嫌非法吸收公众存款或者集资诈骗问题，而很多挖矿或者算力融资会涉嫌传销犯罪活动问题，而交易所提供的合约杠杆投资项目则直接和非法经营期货业务相关。
As can be seen from the description in the new circular of 924, 10 departments consider virtual money operations to be a high-risk illicit financial activity that may be linked to public fund-raising, or to the unauthorized issuance of securities, the illegal operation of futures, etc., as has been shown in a number of previous cases, many ICOs would be suspected of illegally absorbing public deposits or financing fraud, while many mining or arithmetical financing would be suspected of being involved in the distribution of criminal activities, while the contractual leveraged investment projects offered by the transaction would be directly linked to the illegal operation of futures.
但是，从刑事司法角度来看，以上相关活动和涉嫌的罪名，在实践中不能完全划上等号。比如并不能说所有的ICO活动都会涉嫌非法吸收公众存款罪或者组织领导传销活动罪等等，也并不是说所有的币币交易或者法币交易业务活动都会涉嫌某种犯罪活动，具体的虚拟货币业务活动与刑法中具体的罪名的关系，还需要根据具体的业务行为与具体的罪名进行具体判断，而这种判断的过程，在当前就会成为一个新型问题，在当前的刑事司法体系下，基本能做到准确判断和定性。
However, from a criminal justice perspective, the above-mentioned activities and alleged offences cannot be fully equated in practice. It cannot be said, for example, that all ICO activities are suspected of illegally absorbing public deposits or of organizing distribution activities, or that all currency transactions or transactions involving French currency transactions are suspected of being related to certain criminal activities, that specific virtual money operations are related to specific offences in criminal law, and that the process of determining specific offences on the basis of specific business acts will now become a new problem, and that, under the current criminal justice system, precise judgements and characterizations are basically possible.
具体罪名与具体虚拟货币业务活动的关系：
The relationship between
非法吸存和集资诈骗罪
Illegal stowage and fund-raising fraud
面向社会公众公开宣传后集资（或吸收虚拟财产），承诺保本付息的，一般定性非法吸收公众存款罪，比如大量的发币行为中，如果项目方或者发行人承诺虚拟货币发行后的，向投资者承诺具体的收益，并给予相关的担保或者保证承诺；或者一些虚拟货币钱包或者挖矿项目，提供存币生息服务等等，这种模式下， 亦有可能被认定为涉嫌提供保本付息承诺的利诱性非法集资活动。
The collection of funds (or the absorption of virtual property) after public publicity to the public at large and the promise of debt-sustainment is generally characterized as the offence of illegal absorption of public deposits, for example, in the case of large currency issuances where the project party or issuer undertakes to give specific proceeds to the investor after the issuance of the virtual currency, with the associated guarantee or guarantee; or in the case of virtual currency wallets or mining projects, providing currency-suspension services, etc., which may also be considered to be an inducement to illegal fund-raising activities suspected of providing debt-sustainment commitments.
而如果是以非法占有为目的，使用诈骗方法开展此类融资活动的，定性为集资诈骗罪。
In the case of illicit possession, the use of fraudulent methods to carry out such financing is characterized as financing fraud.
但是，当前新生的流动性质押挖矿，相关智能合约模式下的质押生息服务，是否能够被认定为一种集资活动，是否属于非法集资范畴，也需要结合司法实践和法律法规进行进一步的精细化定性，因此，如果有新的司法解释对这些问题进行前瞻性的规定，对于司法机关的办案活动会有比较大的帮助。
However, given the nature of the new movement, whether or not the pledge of interest under the relevant contract model can be considered a fund-raising activity, whether or not it is illegal to raise funds, and whether further refinements are required in the light of judicial practice and laws and regulations, it would be of greater assistance to the judiciary in its case-handling activities if new judicial interpretations were to be made forward-looking on these issues.
组织、领导传销活动罪
organized, led distribution
在虚拟货币相关业务中，与传销关系密切的一般就是发币挖矿环节，本身挖矿、发币本身和传销犯罪并无关系，不管是购买矿机还是算力，一般评价为普通的民事购买行为。但是，有项目团队为了产生推广裂变效果，让矿工成为推广者之一，不仅仅获得挖矿或者存币的静态收益，还可以获得发展他人成为下线的动态收益。
In virtual currency-related operations, it is common to have a close relationship with the money-disposal mining chain, which itself has nothing to do with the mining, the money-distribution itself, and the marketing offence, whether it is the purchase of a miner or arithmetic, which is generally evaluated as ordinary civil purchases. But, in order to have a fissile effect, a project team makes miners one of the promoters, not only receiving static benefits from mining or currency deposits, but also obtaining dynamic benefits from the development of others to become downlines.
如果是以拉人头为目的，采用层级化返利，金字塔结构骗取他人财物的，定性为组织、领导传销活动罪。
In the case of hierarchical repatriation for the purpose of pulling heads, the pyramid structure of the pyramids defrauds the property of others and is characterized as a crime of organizing and leading distribution activities.
而这类案件中，目前由于智能合约质押挖矿等模式出现，投资者付出的投资资产是否真实的存储在无法篡改智能合约钱包地址内，或者流动性挖矿的收益是否能维持动态和静态收益的持续发展，就会成为相关传销模式到底是团队计酬式行政违法传销还是拉人头的诈骗犯罪式传销产生诸多争议。
In such cases, the existence of patterns such as pledge mining by smart contracts, the fact that investment assets paid by investors are stored in unmanageable smart-contracted wallet addresses, or whether the revenues from liquid mining sustain dynamic and static gains continue to grow, raises many questions as to whether the distribution model in question is a group-based, paid administrative offence or a fraudulent, criminal, distribution of heads.
因此，从这个角度而言，如果有相关司法解释对于虚拟货币相关定性和传销犯罪的犯罪构成进行进一步的详细解释，对于司法实践和传销类司法办案水平，无疑会有巨大的提升。
From this perspective, therefore, there would undoubtedly be a significant increase in judicial practice and in the level of judicial cases in the distribution category if the relevant judicial interpretation were to be further elaborated on the criminal composition of the crimes related to the characterization and distribution of the virtual currency.
交易所与非法经营罪
Exchange and Offence of Unlawful Operations
而对于虚拟货币交易所而言，如果是提供期货类的炒币服务，一般可以直接定义为构成非法提供期货业务，涉案金额在30万人民币以上就可以刑事立案，而如果是提供币币交易、法币交易等等服务，是否构成非法经营罪，目前还没有明确的司法解释如此认定，是否构成违反《刑法》225条第四款“其他扰乱市场秩序行为”，根据2011年《最高人民法院关于准确理解和适用刑法中“国家规定”的有关问题的通知》，“对被告人的行为是否属于刑法第二百二十五条第（四）规定的“其它严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为”，有关司法解释未作明确规定的，应当作为法律适用问题，逐级向最高人民法院请示。”
In the case of the Virtual Currency Exchange, however, the provision of futures-type counterfeiting services can generally be defined directly as constituting an illegal futures operation, with a criminal charge of over 300,000 yuan, and there is no clear judicial interpretation as to whether the provision of currency transactions, transactions in French currency, etc., constitutes an offence of illegal operation, and whether it constitutes a violation of article 225, paragraph 4, of the Criminal Code, “other disruption of market order”, which, according to the 2011 Notice of the Supreme People's Court on the Questions Relating to the Accurate Understanding and Application of the “State Provisions” of the Criminal Code, “the conduct of the accused is an “unlawful act of other serious disruption of the market order” under article 225, paragraph 4, of the Criminal Code, which is not expressly provided for in the relevant judicial interpretation, shall be applied to the Supreme People's Court on a case-by-case basis.”
而构成非法经营罪，还有另外一个重要组成条件，即“违反国家规定”，此处的国家规定，是指全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会制定的法律和决定，国务院制定的行政法规、规定的行政措施、发布的决定和命令。而此前2017年的94公告，其性质完全达不到“国家规定”的程度，但是，此次924规定中，提到的一个法律法规依据《国务院办公厅关于清理整顿各类交易场所的实施意见》，该意见中提到，“未经国务院相关金融管理部门批准，不得设立从事保险、信贷、黄金等金融产品交易的交易场所，其他任何交易场所也不得从事保险、信贷、黄金等金融产品交易。”而一旦虚拟货币交易所开展的相关服务被定性为非法的金融业务，即可认定其违反了国务院的该意见，属于擅自经营特许经营业务。而《国务院办公厅关于清理整顿各类交易场所的实施意见》属于典型的国家规定。
A further important constituent condition for the offence of illegal operations, namely “violation of the regulations of the State”, is the laws and decisions of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, administrative regulations, administrative measures, decisions and orders issued by the State Council. The 94th Proclamation of 2017, however, does not have the same nature as the “national regulations”, but one of the laws and regulations referred to in the 924th regulation is based on the “Opposition Opinion of the Office of the State Council on the clean-up of places of dealing in various types of transactions”, which states that “no place of dealing in financial products such as insurance, credit, gold, etc. shall be established without the approval of the relevant financial administration of the State Council, and no other place of dealing shall be allowed to trade in financial products such as insurance, credit, gold, etc.” Once the services associated with virtual monetary transactions are characterized as illegal, they may be found to be in violation of that opinion of the State Council and to operate on an unauthorized basis. The “Opplication Opinion of the Office of the State of the State Council on the clean-up of Trade” is typical of the State.
因此，交易所与非法经营罪的距离，目前可以说仅仅会一步之遥。
As a result, the distance between the exchange and the offence of illegal operation can now be said to be only one step away.
这一步，就是一部对应的司法解释。
This step is a corresponding judicial interpretation.
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