价格波动剧烈的比特币再次遭到了监管风声的重击。
The highly volatile bitcoin was hit again by the regulatory wind.
11月3日，彭博社消息称，不愿具名的知情人士透露，中国人民银行等监管部门正在研究推出措施，限制通过比特币交易将人民币兑换为美元，并将资金汇出境外的行为，考虑中的措施可能包括限制国内交易平台将比特币转至境外平台，或对转至境外平台的比特币数量进行额度限制。
On 3 November, Bloomberg reported that unnamed sources of information had revealed that regulatory agencies such as the People's Bank of China were studying measures to limit the exchange of the renminbi into United States dollars through Bitcoin transactions and the transfer of funds abroad. Measures under consideration might include restrictions on the transfer of bitcoins from domestic trading platforms to offshore platforms or limits on the number of bitcoins transferred to offshore platforms.
受此消息影响，11月3日比特币价格原本已经涨到突破人民币5000元，一度下跌10%。但截至澎湃新闻发稿前，两家比特币交易平台都声称没有接到监管方面的正式通知。
As a result of the news, the price of Bitcoin had already risen to 5,000 yuan on November 3, a 10% drop. But, as of the time of the news release, both Bitcoin trading platforms claimed that they had not been officially notified of the regulations.
市场恐慌致骤跌
中国比特币交易平台OKCoin币行的数据显示，11月3日中午13时许，比特币单个价格已经涨到人民币5138元，而后开始剧烈下跌，4日早晨6时15分的时候下降到最低点4505元，跌幅达到12.32%，之后震荡中逐步企稳，下午15时重回4710元。
Data from the Chinese Bitcoin trading platform, OKCoin, show that, on 3 November, at about 13 p.m., the price of the bitcoin had risen to 5138 yuan and then began to fall sharply. At 6.15 a.m. on 4th day, the figure fell to a low of 4505 yuan, a decline of 12.32 per cent, followed by a steady shock and a return to 4710 yuan at 15 p.m.
对于此次骤跌，OKCoin币行创始人兼CEO徐明星对澎湃新闻（www.thepaper.cn）分析称：“比特币市场近期较活跃，昨天受到管制舆情的影响，一些不明原因的用户会有所恐慌，所以价格有所波动。第二就是所有的交易都是波动，上涨也是在波动中上涨，下跌也是在波动中下跌，由于前期已经有大幅度上涨，所以现在出现小幅下跌也属于正常情况。”
In response to this crash, the founder of the OKCoin Bank and CEO Stars analysed the news (www.thepaper.cn) as follows: “The recent growth of the Bitcoin market, which was affected by the regulatory situation yesterday, caused some undisclosed users to panic and therefore price volatility. Second, all transactions are volatile, rising and falling in volatility, and it is normal that there has been a small drop since the previous period.
在此次骤跌之前，比特币价格自从6月底开始在震荡中走高，10月28日，彭博社曾经报道称，由于人民币不断贬值创6年新低，中国人开始寻求替代资产，因而作为加密货币的比特币成了在外汇资本管制的环境下对冲风险的方式，其价格达到了6月英国退欧以来的最高峰，单周上涨8.5%，到达685.79美元，折合人民币4637元。
Prior to the collapse, bitcoin prices had risen in the middle of the shock since the end of June, and on 28 October, Bloomberg had reported that, as the renminbi continued to depreciate at a six-year low, Chinese had begun to seek alternative assets, and that the currency, as an encrypted currency, had become a hedge risk at capital control, the price of which had peaked at 8.5 per cent a week, reaching US$ 685.79, equivalent to US$ 46.37.
澎湃新闻观察到，比特币价格在8月以来，价格一路从最低谷3151元缓慢上升到本次下跌之前的最高点5138元，涨幅超过63%，然后在3日到4日之间突然跌去10%。
According to the news, since August, the price of Bitcoin has slowly risen from a low of $3151 to a high of $5138 before the current fall, increasing by more than 63 per cent, before suddenly falling by 10 per cent between 3 and 4 days.
国内另一家比特币交易平台火币网COO朱嘉伟对澎湃新闻表示，比特币相对其他投资品，日涨跌幅没有限制，波动相对黄金、外汇波动比较大是它的特点之一，投资者在行情波动较大时一定要注意控制风险。朱嘉伟认为，投资品在价格连续有上涨后一般都会有回调，短期影响比特币价格因素太多，投资大环境、投资者信心、抛压等各方面因素都有影响。
Another domestic Bitcoin trading platform, COO Chuqawi, told the news that Bitcoin had no limit to other investment items, and that volatility was not limited to and that the greater volatility of foreign exchange was one of its characteristics. Investors had to be aware of risk control when they experienced high volatility.
比特币能否突破外汇管制？
Will Bitcoin break the exchange controls?
澎湃新闻联系了多位业内专家均表示，通过比特币突破外汇管制的确可以实现。
According to a number of experts in the industry contacted by the news, a breakthrough in foreign exchange controls through Bitcoin could indeed be achieved.
市场分析人士杨凌驰表示，只要在交易平台提现比特币到自己的比特币钱包再到国外交易平台卖出，就可以突破每年限额5万美元的外汇管制。
Market analyst Yang Lingz said that foreign exchange controls could be broken by raising bitcoin at the trading platform and selling it at the foreign trading platform through his own bitcoin wallet.
杨凌驰表示，央行要对此进行监管非常困难，因为用户可以随意生成比特币钱包，并不需要在任何机构登记。如果要加以监管，就必须限制：比特币的提现钱包必须是在国内交易平台上生成的，不得转移到个人的钱包。但这存在如下三个问题：
Yang Lingz said that it was difficult for central banks to regulate because users were free to generate bitcoins’ wallets and did not need to register with any institution. If they were to be regulated, they had to be limited: Bitcoins’ wallets had to be generated on a domestic trading platform and could not be transferred to individuals’ wallets.
一是必须有机构统一管理所有平台的比特币账户，用户提现的时候做验证，就类似银行的交易系统，完成统一管理的实施难度较大。
The first is the need for an agency to centrally manage all platform's Bitcoin accounts, which is validated by users when presented, which makes it more difficult to implement a uniform management system similar to that of banks.
二是会导致用户的比特币使用范围减少。因为目前有一些机构比如游戏平台、证券交易所已经开通比特币支付通道，如果限制提现账户，比特币的用途就会大打折扣，用户无法在国外的电商、游戏、证券平台上使用。而目前一些国际证券平台，比如嘉维证券，是可以直接用比特币充值买美股的。
The second is to reduce the use of bitcoins by users. Because there are now institutions such as game platforms, stock exchanges, which have opened the Bitcoin payment route, the use of bitcoins can be significantly reduced if the withdrawal of accounts is restricted, and users cannot use them on foreign power suppliers, games, and securities platforms.
三是形成中心化管理机制，与比特币去中心化的理念背道而驰。
The third is the development of a centralized management mechanism, which runs counter to the idea of decentralizing bitcoin.
监管态度是比特币涨跌关键
作为一种虚拟货币，比特币诞生于2009年1月3日，是一位自称中本聪(Satoshi Nakamoto)的匿名人士设计的去中心化、点对点传输的数字加密货币，并使用密码学的设计来确保货币流通各个环节安全性，即使是最强大的巨型计算机，也很难破译这些密码。
As a virtual currency, Bitcoin was born on 3 January 2009 as a decentralized, point-to-point digital encrypted currency designed by an anonymous person claiming to be Satoshi Nakamoto and using cryptography to ensure the security of all links in currency circulation, even the most powerful giant , which is difficult to decipher.
中本聪的规则指定，流通中的比特币数量以递减的速度增长，最大数额为2100万，比特币网络每10分钟释放出一定数量币，预计将在2140年达到极限。虽然没有中央银行来发行他们，比特币可以通过在线完成艰巨任务来创建，这一过程被称为挖矿，所谓“挖矿”实质上是用超级算力的计算机解决一项复杂的数学问题，来保证比特币网络分布式记账系统的一致性。随后比特币网络会新生成一定量的比特币作为赏金，奖励获得答案的人。
China’s rules specify that the number of bitcoins in circulation is growing at a reduced rate, with a maximum of 21 million dollars, and that the Bitcoin network releases a certain amount of coins every 10 minutes, which is expected to reach its limit in 2140. While there is no central bank to issue them, Bitcoins can be created by carrying out difficult tasks online, a process known as mining, a process called “mining” that essentially solves a complex mathematical problem with a super-calculation computer to ensure consistency in the Bitcoin network distribution accounting system.
2009年到2010年初，比特币毫无价值，2010年4月开始交易的头半年，1比特币的价值低于14美分，2010年夏天比特币交易开始进入黄金时期，由于供远小于需，网上交易价值开始上升。之后比特币迎来了“大爆炸”式增长，一度涨幅高达20000倍，吸引了大量来自中国的投机者，截止目前比特币总市值突破201亿人民币，而中国内地比特币交易量如今已占全球交易量的70%~80%，因而中国被认为是“炒币者的天堂”。
In 2009 and early 2010, Bitcoin was worthless, in the first half of the year when it started trading in April 2010, one bitcoin was worth less than 14 cents, and in the summer of 2010 Bitcoin began trading in gold, and the value of online transactions began to rise as a result of a much smaller supply than demand. After that, Bitcoin rose by up to 20,000 times, attracting a large number of speculators from China, with its total market value as of now exceeding RMB 20.1 billion, while China now accounts for 70-80% of global transactions.
澎湃新闻从一位曾经的大学生炒币者处得知，她于2012年左右入手少量比特币，在最高点7000多元的时候抛出，“当时小赚了几万块”。
The news came from a former university student who had started a small amount of bitcoins in about 2012, throwing them at the highest point of 7,000 diversity, “when tens of thousands of dollars were made”.
值得注意的是，比特币作为不受央行控制的虚拟货币，一直以来未得到中国监管部门认可。央行等五部委曾在2013年12月下发的《关于防范比特币风险的通知》中表示，虽然比特币被称为“货币”，但由于其不是由货币当局发行，不具有法偿性与强制性等货币属性，并不是真正意义的货币。从性质上看，比特币应当是一种特定的虚拟商品，不具有与货币等同的法律地位，不能且不应作为货币在市场上流通使用。
It is worth noting that Bitcoin, as a virtual currency that is not controlled by central banks, has not been endorsed by Chinese regulators. Five ministries and other ministries, including the central bank, stated in their December 2013 Circular on Protection against Bitcoin Risk, that, while Bitcoin is referred to as a “currency”, it is not a currency in the true sense of the word because it is not issued by monetary authorities and because it has no legal and compulsory monetary attributes.
《通知》还要求，中国各金融机构和支付机构不得开展与比特币相关的业务。各金融机构和支付机构不得以比特币为产品或服务定价，不得买卖或作为中央对手买卖比特币，不得承保与比特币相关的保险业务或将比特币纳入保险责任范围，不得直接或间接为客户提供其他与比特币相关的服务。
The Circular also requires that Chinese financial institutions and payment agencies must not carry out business related to Bitcoin. Financial institutions and payment agencies must not price bitcoin for products or services, sell or sell bitcoin as a central counterpart, or cover operations or include bitcoin in insurance liability, directly or indirectly, other Bitcoin-related services for customers.
央行《通知》发布后一个小时内，人民币计价比特币价格由6970元跌至4520元左右，跌幅达35%，此后半月更是直接遭遇“腰斩”，下跌幅度到达51%。
Within one hour of the issuance of the Central Bank's Circular, the value of the renminbi denominated bitcoin fell from $6,970 to about $4520, a 35 per cent decline, followed by a direct “blank cut” of 51 per cent in the following half-month.
虽然央行不认可比特币，但近来却对比特币的底层技术区块链以及数字货币表现出了兴趣。今年2月，央行行长周小川在接受财新采访时明确表示，人民银行部署了重要力量研究探讨区块链应用技术。
Although the central bank did not approve Bitcoin, it has recently shown interest in the bottom-of-the-box technical block chain and the digital currency. In a new financial interview last February, Central Bank President Zhou Kochuan made it clear that the People’s Bank had deployed significant efforts to explore the application of block chains.
此外，央行在2014年成立了数字货币及应用研究小组，而今年8月底，央行主管的《中国金融》杂志刊登了中国央行科技司副司长兼央行数字货币研究所筹备组组长姚前的文章——《中国法定数字货币原型构想》，对未来央行发行的数字货币构想进行了介绍。
In addition, the Central Bank established the Digital Currency and Applied Research Group in 2014 and, at the end of August this year, the magazine China Finance, headed by the Central Bank, published a former article by Yao, Deputy Director of the Central Bank's Science and Technology Division and head of the preparatory team of the Central Bank's Digital Monetary Institute — China's Legal Digital Currency Prototype — describing the concept of digital money to be issued by the Bank in the future.
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