“区块链”的概念可以说是异常火爆，好像互联网金融峰会上没人谈一谈区块链技术就out了，BAT以及各大银行还有什么金融机构都在开始自己的区块链研究工作，就连IBM最近也成立了自己的区块链研究实验室，但其实区块链到底是什么?大家或许并不清楚，停留在雾里看花的状态。从今天开始，就让我们一起走进区块链，揭开区块链的神秘面纱吧!
The concept of a block chain can be described as an unusually hot one, as if no one at the Internet Finance Summit had talked about block chain technology. Even IBM had recently set up its own block chain research laboratory. But what is the block chain?
取快链?你想说的是区块链吧?
Take the fast chain? You mean the block chain?
要说清楚区块链，我们先来讲个故事。
Let's start with a story.
你一定听说过三人成虎的故事吧?
You must have heard the story of the three tigers.
假设一个人告诉你，不好了，大街上有只老虎，你相不相信?
Let's say a man tells you it's no good. There's a tiger on the street, don't you believe it?
我去，你咋不按常理出牌啊，你要说不相信!
Why don't you tell me you don't believe me?
重来!我们说的是真老虎!
Again! We're talking about real tigers!
Action!!!
好!非常好!!影帝级的演出!!!
That's good! That's great! That's great!
继续，这时候换做一堆人告诉你这件事!
Go on, it's time for a bunch of people to tell you about this!
我们再换一种场景。
Let's change the scene.
如果一个德高望重、你十分信任的老者告诉你这件事，你又会怎么想?
What would you think if an old man of high moral standing and your trust told you about it?
是的，这就是所谓的信任的力量。你不信任一个没有足够信用度的单独个体，
Yes, that's the power of trust. You don't trust a single person without enough credit.
但你会信任一堆个体或者有足够信用度的单独个体。
But you'll trust a bunch of individuals or individuals with enough credit.
在现实社会中，银行就是这个有足够信用度的个体(中心)。
In a real society, the bank is the individual (centre) with sufficient credit.
但以银行等作为信用中介是需要成本的，
But using banks, for example, as credit intermediaries is costly.
而我们普通大众就要为这庞大的信用成本买单。
And we in general pay for this huge credit cost.
所以才会造就金融业是最赚钱的行业。
This is why the financial sector is the most profitable sector.
要去除银行类等中心机构的信用背书?
Do you want to remove credit endorsements from central institutions like banks?
那就可以用我们上面提到过的“一堆个体”，这也是区块链技术的核心。
So we can use the “a bunch of individuals” that we have mentioned above, which is at the heart of block chain technology.
区块链本质上是解决信任问题、降低信任成本的技术方案，
The chain of blocks is essentially a technical solution to the problem of trust and to reduce the cost of trust.
目的就是为了去中心化，去信用中介。
The aim is to be centralized and to be a credit broker.
区块链是比特币的底层技术。
The block chain is the bottom technology of Bitcoin.
比特币(BitCoin)的概念最初由中本聪在2009年提出，你把它理解成数字货币即可。
The concept of BitCoin was originally proposed by Nakamoto in 2009, and you can interpret it as a digital currency.
我们以比特币交易为例来看看区块链具体是如何操作的。
Let's take the bitcoin deal as an example of how the block chain works.
1、把每笔交易在全网广播。让全网承认有效，必须广播给每个节点。
Makes it possible for the whole network to recognize that it is valid and must broadcast to each node.
2、矿工节点接收到交易信息后，都要拿出账簿本记载该次交易。
2. Upon receipt of the transaction information by the miner node, the transaction is recorded in a book of accounts.
一旦记录，就不可撤销，不能随意销毁。
Once recorded, it is irrevocable and cannot be destroyed at will.
矿工节点是通过电脑运行的比特币软件对交易的进行确认的。
Miners'nodes are identified for transactions through computer-operated bitcoin software.
为了鼓励矿工的服务，对于其所记录和确认的交易，
In order to encourage the services of miners, for transactions they record and confirm,
系统为矿工提供25个比特币作为奖励。(这个奖励数量，系统设定每4年减半)
The system provides 25 bitcoins for miners. (This amount of incentives is set to be halved every four years.)
奖励只有一份，那就看谁记录的快呗。
There's only one reward, so let's see who records fast.
为了减少这种情况，系统会出一道十分钟的运算题，
In order to reduce this situation, the system will have a 10-minute operation.
谁能最快解出值，谁就将获得记录入账权利，并赢得奖励。
Whoever is quick to devalue will be given the right to record and win the prize.
对了，这里可以给大家看一道据说是徐汇区幼儿园升小学的运算题。
By the way, one of the questions that is said to be about the promotion of a kindergarten in Xu's district to a primary school is to be seen here.
别急啊，你试试看，我第一次反正是做错了。
Don't worry, try it. It's the first time I've done something wrong.
……，好吧，我无力反驳。
... well, I can't argue.
说远了，我们再说回来。
Far away, we'll talk about it again.
前述区块链中所运用算法并不是简单的计算题，而是使用哈希散列(Hash)算法。
The algorithm used in the preceding block chain is not a simple question, but rather a Hash algorithm.
哈希散列是密码学里的经典技术，可以用来验证有没有人篡改数据内容。
Hashish is a classic cryptography technique that can be used to verify that data content has been tampered with.
3、获得记账权的矿工将向全网广播该笔交易，账簿公开，其他矿工将核对确认这些账目。交易达到6个确认以上就成功记录在案了。
If you have more than six confirmations, the transaction will be recorded successfully.
矿工记录的时候，还会将该笔交易盖上时间戳，形成一个完整时间链。
When the miners record it, the transaction is stamped with a time stamp, forming a complete time chain.
4、当其它矿工对账簿记录都确认无误后，该记录就确认合法，矿工们就进入了下一轮记账权争夺战。
4. When the records of the other miners'reconciliations were confirmed, the records were confirmed as legal and the miners entered the next round of a power-of-custody contest.
矿工的每个记录，就是一个区块(block)，会盖上时间戳，每个新产生的区块严格按照时间线形顺序推进，
Each of the miners' records is a block (block) that covers a time stamp, and each of the newly created blocks moves in a strict time-line sequence.
形成不可逆的链条(chain)，所以叫做区块链(Blockchain)。
Formes an irreversible chain (chain), so it's called a block chain (Blockchain).
而且每个区块都含有其上一个区块的哈希值，确保区块按照时间顺序连接的同时没有被篡改。
Moreover, each block contains the Hashi value of its previous block, ensuring that the blocks are connected in chronological order without being tampered with.
这时候我们再看对区块链的原始定义就能理解了：区块链是一种分布式数据库，是一串使用密码学方法相关联产生的数据块，每个数据块都包含了一次网络交易信息，用于验证其信息的有效性和生成下一个区块。
This is when we look at the original definition of the block chain: the block chain is a distributed database, a series of data blocks that are linked by cryptography, each containing a network transaction information to verify the validity of its information and generate the next block.
若两个人同时上传，虽然这个概率很小，但是若发生，我们就看最后的区块链哪条更长，短的那条就失效。这就是区块链中的“双花问题”(同一笔钱花两次)。对于要制作虚假交易，除非你说服了全网里超过51%的矿工都更改某一笔账目，否则你的篡改都是无效的。
If two people upload at the same time, the probability is small, but if it happens, we see which of the last block chains is longer, and the short one lapses. This is the “double flower” problem in the block chain. For making a false transaction, unless you convince more than 51 per cent of the miners on the net to change a certain account, your tampering will be ineffective.
网络中参与人数越多，实现造假可能性越低。
The greater the number of participants in the network, the less likely it is to be made possible.
这也是集体维护和监督的优越性，伪造成本最大化。
This is also the advantage of collective maintenance and supervision, which maximizes the costs of forgery.
说服51%的人造假还是灰常灰常难的。
Convincing 51% of the people to fake is still a long and difficult thing to do.
好了，我们总结下，区块链主要有以下核心内容：
All right, let's take a look at the following core elements of the block chain:
1、去中心化
1. Decentralization
这是区块链颠覆性特点，不存在任何中心机构和中心服务器，所有交易都发生在每个人电脑或手机上安装的客户端应用程序中。
This is a subversive feature of the block chain, there are no central institutions and central servers, and all transactions take place in client applications installed on each computer or mobile phone.
实现点对点直接交互，既节约资源，使交易自主化、简易化，又排除被中心化代理控制的风险。
Realization points interact directly, saving resources, automating transactions, simplifying transactions and excluding the risk of being controlled by centralized agents.
2、开放性
2. Openness
区块链可以理解为一种公共记账的技术方案，系统是完全开放透明的，账簿对所有人公开，实现数据共享，任何人都可以查账。开放效果类似这样：
Block chains can be understood as a technical option for public accounting, and the system is fully open and transparent, the books are open to all, data are shared, and anyone can check the accounts.
3、不可撤销、不可篡改和加密安全性
3. Irreversible, irrevocable and encrypted security
区块链采取单向哈希算法，每个新产生的区块严格按照时间线形顺序推进，时间的不可逆性、不可撤销导致任何试图入侵篡改区块链内数据信息的行为易被追溯，导致被其他节点的排斥，造假成本极高，从而可以限制相关不法行为。
The chain of blocks follows a one-way Hashi algorithm, each of the newly created blocks moves strictly in a time-lined order, and the irreversibility of time makes any attempt to invade and tamper with data information in the chain of blocks susceptible to traceability, leading to exclusion from other nodes and the high cost of forgery, thus limiting the relevant wrongful act.
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