范文仲：新技术——区块链

在产生了海量数据之后，如何安全、可信地记录和存储数据就越发重要。区块链技术创新增强了数据的真实性和可靠性。数据成为社会核心经济资源后，价值大大提升，但同时也产生了原始数据保护和防范个人隐私侵犯等需求。通过明文加密和基于密码学基础，以及硬件环境保护的隐私加密技术应运而生，实现“数据可用不可见”，成为数据使用和交易过程中的保险箱。

When big data are generated, how to record and store data safely and credibly becomes more important. Technological innovation in block chains enhances the authenticity and reliability of data.

总体来看，如果说大数据是基础资源，物联网则是采集途径，云计算是炼化基础设施，人工智能是应用工艺，区块链是新型记录储存方式，隐私计算则是数据资源的保险箱。

In general, if big data is a basic resource, the object network is a collection route, cloud computing is a refining infrastructure, artificial intelligence is an application process, block chains are a new form of record-keeping, and privacy computing is a safe deposit box for data resources.

《数字经济与金融创新》范文仲编著

二、区块链与隐私计算

II. Block chains and privacy calculations

（一）区块链

(i) Block chains

1．?区块链的创新与挑战

1.? Innovations and challenges in block chains

近年来，随着比特币价格的暴涨，区块链迅速成为全球热门话题。比特币和区块链概念是2008年11月1日中本聪在其文章《比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统》（Bitcoin：APeer-to-PeerElectronicCashSystem）中系统提出的。

In recent years, the block chain has rapidly become a global hot topic as Bitcoin prices have surged. The Bitcoin and block chain concepts were proposed by Bintco in its article Bitcoin: an electronic cash system for point-to-point (Bitcoin:Apeer-to-PeerElectronicCashSystem) on 1 November 2008.

互联网贸易的资金电子支付，传统上需借助第三方中介机构来处理。中本聪认为借助第三方中介机构处理信息，是点与点信息传输模式，具有缺乏信任的内生弱点，不能完全规避欺诈行为；第三方中介机构的存在，?增加了交易成本，?限制了实际可行的最小交易规模；可以通过加密数字签名确认交易对手，交易信息分散存储来保证交易记录的真实稳健性。基于以上问题，中本聪阐述了基于P2P网络技术、加密技术、时间戳技术、区块链技术等的电子现金系统的构架理念，这标志着比特币的诞生。

The electronic payment of funds for Internet trade has traditionally been handled by third-party intermediaries. On the basis of these questions, China has elaborated on the concept of an electronic cash system based on P2P network technology, encryption technology, time stamping technology, block chain technology, etc., which marks the birth of Bitcoin.

在比特币形成过程中，区块是一个一个的存储单元，记录了一定时间内各个区块节点全部的交流信息。各个区块之间通过随机散列（也称哈希算法）实现链接，后一个区块包含前一个区块的哈希值，随着信息交流的扩大，一个区块与一个区块相继接续，形成的结果就叫区块链。2009年1月3日第一个序号为0的创世区块诞生。2009年1月9日出现序号为1的区块，并与序号为0的创世区块相连接形成了链，标志着区块链的诞生。虽然世界对比特币的态度起起落落，但作为比特币底层技术之一的区块链技术日益受到重视。

During the formation of Bitcoin, blocks are a storage unit that records the full exchange of information across blocks for a certain period of time. Links are made between blocks by random hash (also known as the Hashi algorithm), the latter containing the Hashi value of the previous block, and, as the exchange of information expands, one block follows one block, the result of which is called the chain of blocks. On 3 January 2009, the creation block number 0 was born. On 9 January 2009, the serial number 1 was created, linked to the original block number 0, marking the birth of the chain.

传统交易中，A借款给B，需要经过第三方中心机构，A和B的存款放入中心机构处，A和B都要和中心机构进行对账。在区块链交易中，A借款给B，不需要经过中心机构，A、B各自在区块链不同区块记账核账，共同形成新的公共总账本，A、B分别拥有新的公共总账本副本。区块链通过上述去中心化方式，形成了一种新的交易支付流程，降低了交易成本。

In traditional transactions, A borrows to B, requiring deposits from third-party central institutions, A and B deposit to central institutions, and both A and B make reconciliations with central institutions. In block chain transactions, A borrows to B, which does not need to be accounted for by central institutions, A and B each in different blocks of the block chain, and together forms a new public master record, and A and B each have a new copy of the public master record.

2．?区块链的特点与类型

2.? Features and types of block chains

区块链上的交易账本分布存储在不同的交易者处，分布式系统必然面临如何保证一致性的难题。历史上重要的案例则是“拜占庭将军”问题，该问题由莱斯利·兰伯特（LeslieLamport）等人在1982年提出，属于点对点通信中的基本问题。

The distribution of the transaction books on the block chain is stored among different traders, and the distribution system is bound to face difficulties in ensuring consistency. An important historical case is the issue of “General Byzantine”, which was raised by Leslie Lambert and others in 1982 and is a fundamental issue in point-to-point communications.

拜占庭是古代东罗马帝国的首都，为了防御，在每块封地都驻扎一支由单个将军带领的军队，将军之间只能靠信差传递消息。在战争时，所有将军必须达成共识，决定是否共同开战。但是，?在军队内可能有叛徒，这些人将影响将军们达成共识。“拜占庭将军”问题是指在已知有将军是叛徒的情况下，剩余的将军如何达成一致决策的问题。1982年，莱利斯·兰伯特等在论文“TheByzantineGeneralsProblem”中证明当将军总数大于3f，背叛者数为f或者更少时，忠诚的将军可以达成命令上的一致。

Byzantine is the capital of the ancient East Roman Empire, and, in defence, there is an army headed by a single general in every sealed area, and the generals can only pass the message by courier. In times of war, all generals must agree to decide whether to fight together. But, if there are traitors within the army, they will influence the generals to reach a consensus.

同理，要在去中心化的通信领域中，实现点对点通信且确保信息可信，就必须解决“拜占庭将军”问题，即构造出一个点对点的不需要第三方权威认证的有效信息传递系统，通过全系统共享的方式，获得信息传输的一致性和稳定性。简单地说，就是让每个人都知道信息X，而且每个人还都知道“每个人都知道信息X”，从而实现信息透明化、不可篡改。

Similarly, to achieve point-to-point communication in the decentralized area of communications and to ensure the credibility of information, the issue of “General Byzantine” must be addressed, namely, the construction of a point-to-point effective information transmission system that does not require third-party authoritative certification, and the consistency and stability of access to information transmission through system-wide sharing. Simply put, everyone knows of information X, and everyone knows that “everyone knows information X” so that information is transparent and non-distortable.

中本聪通过工作量证明机制等方式解决了“拜占庭将军”问题。要去掉中心机构，就需要实现交易者A、B、C、D都有共识，也就是每一个人都确认交易有效。通过工作量证明方式，链上记录交易本身，每个人都保留一份总账本的副本，?最终留下的总账本就是唯一真实有效的。

China has resolved the issue of “General Byzantine” through, for example, the workload certification mechanism. To get rid of the central agency, there is a common understanding among traders A, B, C, and D, that is, that the transaction is valid.

区块链分布式账本技术与传统分布式存储系统存在两大明显区别：传统分布式存储系统执行受某一中心节点或权威机构控制的数据管理机制，而区块链分布式账本是基于一定的共识规则，采用多方决策、共同维护的方式进行数据的存储、复制等操作。传统分布式存储系统将系统内的数据分解成若干片段，然后在分布式系统中进行存储，而分布式账本中任何一方的节点都各自拥有独立的、完整的一份数据存储，各节点之间彼此互不干涉、权限等同，通过相互之间的周期性或事件驱动的共识达成数据存储的最终一致性。

There are two distinct differences between block chain distribution book technology and traditional distributed storage systems: traditional distributed storage systems implement data management mechanisms controlled by a central node or authoritative body, while block chain distribution books operate on the basis of certain consensus rules, using multiple decision-making, common maintenance, data storage, reproduction, etc. The traditional distributed storage systems break down data into segments of the system and then store them in distributed systems, while nodes in either of the distributed books have separate, complete data storage, non-interference between nodes, functional equivalence, and ultimate consistency in data storage through inter-cyclical or event-driven consensus.

按记账主体、信任机制、激励机制、中心化程度的不同，目前区块链可以分为公有链、联盟链、私有链三种表现形式。三种表现形式各有侧重点、应用场景和实现功能，以及基于此构成的不同经济生态模式。

Depending on the subject of the account, the trust mechanism, the incentive mechanism, and the degree of centralization, the chain of blocks can now be divided into three forms: the public chain, the union chain, and the private chain. The three manifestations are focused, applied and functional, as well as different economic and ecological models based on this composition.

公共区块链（PublicBlockchains），又称公有链，是指任何人都可读取、可发送交易进行有效性确认，任何人都能参与其共识过程的区块链。参与者通过密码学技术共同维护公有链数据的安全、透明、不易篡改，是完全意义上的分布式。公有链的典型应用包括比特币、以太坊、EOS等。目前，公有链已历经公有链1.0、公有链2.0、公有链3.0的发展，呈现出承载能力不断提升等发展特点。

Public block chains (PublicBlockchains), also known as public chains, are those in which anyone can read and send transactions for validity confirmation, and in which anyone can participate in the process of consensus. The participants jointly maintain the security, transparency, and non-frozen distribution of public chain data through cryptography. The typical applications of public chains include Bitcoin, Etheria, EOS, etc. At present, public chains have evolved through the development of public chains 1.0, public chains 2.0, public chains 3.0 and so on.

共同体区块链（ConsortiumBlockchains），又称联盟链，是指参与区块链的节点是事先选择好的，节点间通常有良好的网络连接等合作关系，区块链上的数据可以是公开的也可以是内部的，是部分意义上的分布式。联盟链的典型应用包括超级账本、区块链联盟R3CEV等。

The Community Block Chain (Consortium BlockShains), also known as the Union Chain, means that the nodes for participation in the block chain are pre-selected, that there are often good links between the nodes, and that the data on the block chain can be public or internal, and in part distributed. The typical applications of the Union Chain include superbooks, block chain alliances R3CEV, etc.

私有区块链（PrivateBlockchains），又称私有链，是指参与区块链的节点只有有限的范围，比如特定机构的自身用户等，对于数据访问及使用有着严格的权限管理。相关应用包括数据库管理、数据库审计等，如ErisIndustrier。

Private block chains (PrivateBlockchains), also known as private chains, refer to the limited scope of the nodes involved in the block chain, such as the individual user of a given institution, and the strict licensing of access to and use of data. The relevant applications include database management, database auditing, etc., such as ErisIndustrier.

3．?区块链的金融应用场景

3. . Financial application of block chains.

区块链的应用场景拓展取决于计算硬件和算力的发展快慢。当前，区块链比较适合数量稳定、交易信息可公开、相对低频的金融资产交易，主要包括数字货币、支付清算、借贷征信、资产管理、供应链或贸易金融、反洗钱等。

At present, block chains are more suitable for financial asset transactions that are stable in quantities, open to trade information, relatively low-frequency, including, inter alia, digital currency, settlement of payments, lending letters, asset management, supply chain or trade finance, anti-money-laundering, etc.

数字货币。数字货币利用区块链去中心或多中心、不易篡改、高度共识和匿名安全的特性，构建数据结构与交易信息加密传输的底层技术，使金融交易的效率和安全性大幅提升。近年来全球数字货币发展迅速，截至2019年6月，全球共有超过2640种加密数字货币。如今，比特币仍是数字货币的绝对主流，其他常见的有bitcoin、litecoin、dogecoin、dashcoin，除了货币的应用，还有各种衍生应用，如以太坊Ethereum、Asch等底层应用开发平台及NXT、SIA、比特股、MaidSafe、Ripple等行业应用。

Digital money has been growing rapidly in recent years, with more than 2640 encrypted digital currencies worldwide as of June 2019. Bitcoin remains the absolute mainstream of digital money, with other common applications such as bitcoin, litecoin, dogecoin, dashcoin, and a variety of derivative applications in addition to currency applications, such as the lower application development platform in Taipan Etheum, Asch, and the industries NXT, SIA, Bita, MaidSafe, Ripple, etc.

当前私营机构发行数字货币存在一些内生问题，例如没有和经济发展挂钩的稳定货币政策，无法解决通胀或通缩的问题；无法在系统出现流动性短缺时承担最终贷款人角色；大量的挖矿计算浪费大量社会资源。中央银行发行数字货币则具有货币政策连贯、可信度高，不需要重造货币体系节省社会资源等优势，因此，近年来各国中央银行纷纷积极研究和探索基于区块链技术的数字货币发行问题。

There are a number of inherent problems associated with the issuance of digital currencies by private institutions, such as the absence of stable monetary policies linked to economic development, the inability to address inflation or deflation; the inability to assume the role of lender of last resort in the event of systemic liquidity shortages; and the waste of large amounts of social resources in mining calculations. The issuance of digital currencies by central banks has the advantage of monetary policy coherence and credibility, without the need to re-establish the monetary system to save social resources. In recent years, therefore, central banks have been active in studying and exploring digital currency issuance based on block-chain technologies.

支付清算。区块链在支付结算领域应用引起有关各方高度关注，是因其满足了支付结算业务要求。区块链共识算法保证了交易记录的准确、不可更改，分布式账本架构保证了交易记录存取的便捷与数据安全，智能合约则可以减少交易中的人工成本，自动化DvP（DeliveryversusPay-ment）结算流程则降低了操作风险。合理应用区块链，可使支付结算业务变得更加轻盈、快速、安全、透明，有助于更广泛的市场效率提升。

The use of block chains in the area of settlement of payments raises a high level of concern among interested parties because they meet the requirements of payment settlement operations. The block chain consensus algorithm guarantees the accuracy and non-alterability of transaction records, the distributional account structure guarantees easy access to transaction records and data security, smart contracts can reduce manual costs in transactions, and the automated DvP (DeliveryversusPay-ment) settlement process reduces operational risks.

传统跨境支付需要建立权威的如SWIFT的网络体系作为清算中心，在SWIFT网络体系中，通过银行办理的商业贸易支付清算需要经过开户行、对手行、中央银行、境外银行（代理行或本行境外分支机构）。在此过程中，每个机构都有自己的账务系统，彼此之间需要建立代理关系及授信额度，每笔交易都需要在银行记录，还要与交易对手进行对账和清算，速度慢，成本高。在基于区块链技术的跨境支付体系中，这些问题都将不复存在，银行间彼此互信，不需要一个中心化机构在彼此之间建立信任，区块链技术使各行可以公平参与到一个去中心化的网络中，实现更加高效的管理。

Traditional cross-border payments require the establishment of authoritative networks such as SWIFT as a clearing centre. In the SWIFT system, commercial trade payments through banks need to be settled through a bank account, counterparty, central bank, offshore bank (a correspondent or branch outside the bank). In this process, each institution has its own accounting system, which requires agency relationships and lines of credit between them, each transaction needs to be recorded in a bank, reconciled and settled with its counterpart, at a slow pace and at high cost. In a system of cross-border payments based on block-chain technology, these problems will cease to exist, banks will trust one another, there is no need for a central institution to build trust between them, and block-chain technology will allow banks to participate equitably in a network of de-centralized businesses and achieve more efficient management.