智慧城市未來已來

资讯 2024-07-13 阅读:67 评论:0

近日，全國很多地方都在舉辦關於“智慧城市”的論壇和博覽會。智慧城市是人們十分熱衷談論的話題，而智慧城市建設的各種成果，也在我們身邊越來越多地涌現。...

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近日，全國很多地方都在舉辦關於“智慧城市”的論壇和博覽會。智慧城市是人們十分熱衷談論的話題，而智慧城市建設的各種成果，也在我們身邊越來越多地涌現。

In recent days, forums and fairs have been held in many parts of the country about the City of Wisdom. The City of Wisdom is a topic that people are very keen to talk about, and the fruits of the City of Wisdom are becoming more and more common among us.

根據麥肯錫全球研究院評估數據，智慧城市應用可將應急響應時間縮短20%-35%，平均通勤時間縮短15%-20%，疾病負擔降低8%-15%，溫室氣體排放減少10%-15%等，幫助城市在各方面取得進步和發展。今天我們就來聊聊智慧城市究竟是什麼樣。

According to McKinsey Global Research Institute estimates, smart cities can reduce emergency response time by 20-35%, average commuting time by 15-20%, disease burden by 8-15%, greenhouse gas emissions by 10-15%, and so on, helping cities to make progress and develop. Let's talk about smart cities today.

1 中國試點建設數量全球最多

1 China has the largest number of sites in the world.

智慧城市綜合運用大數據、網際網路、物聯網、雲計算等現代資訊和通信技術感測、分析、整合城市運作核心繫統的各項關鍵資訊，實現人口、環境、社會生活和公共服務等領域智慧化管理的新型城市形態，是資訊化、工業化和城鎮化的深度融合。

Smart cities combine modern information and communication technologies such as data, networks, networks, cloud computing, analysis, integration of key information from the core of urban operations, a new urban landscape of intellectually managed domains such as population, environment, social life and public services, and a deep convergence of information, industrialization and urban urbanization.

智慧城市最早是由IBM公司提出，他們認為城市是主要由組織（人）、業務/政務、交通、通信、水和能源六個核心繫統組成並協同運作的宏觀系統。2009年，迪比克市與IBM合作，建立美國第一個智慧城市。迪比克市利用物聯網技術，在一個有六萬居民的社區裏將水、電、氣、油、交通、公共服務等各種城市公用資源連接起來，監測、分析和整合各種數據，智慧化地響應市民的需求，提高服務水準。另外，迪比克市對所有住戶和商鋪安裝數控水電計量器，其中包括低流量感測器技術，防止水電泄漏造成的浪費。同時搭建綜合監測平臺，及時對數據進行分析、整合和展示，並向個人和企業公佈資訊，促進城市的節能降耗。

The City of Wirtschaftsprüfer was first proposed by IBM, which considered the city to be a confluence of six core structures: organization (humans), industry/government, transport, communications, water and energy. In 2009, Dibik partnered with IBM to create the first smart city in the United States. The City of Dibik used a network technology to connect water, electricity, gas, oil, transport, public services, etc., in a community of 60,000 people, to monitor, analyse and integrate data, intelligently respond to the needs of citizens, and improve service standards. In addition, the city of Dibik created a network of water control machines for all households and businesses, including low-flow sensor techniques, to prevent the cost of water and electricity leaks.

十年多來，智慧城市的發展已經從1.0時代步入3.0時代。

For more than a decade, the development of intelligent cities has moved from 1.0 to 3.0.

智慧城市1.0時代：主要以技術為驅動，以資訊化建設和應用為主要模式，但是不同技術、不同領域是相對分割的，不能實現數據的橫向打通和交換共用，多為智慧城市碎片化應用。1.0時代的核心是資訊化；

Intelligent City 1.0 Times: Technology driven, information-based construction and applications are the main models, but technology, fields and fields are divided in parallel, and the horizontal and interchangeable distribution of data cannot be realized, most of which is used for the fragmentation of intelligent cities. The core of the time 1.0 is information.

智慧城市2.0時代：隨著大數據、網際網路、物聯網、雲計算等技術的大規模應用，智慧城市已逐漸發展為集多行業、多需求、數據融合共用的場景式應用，典型的場景式應用為“網際網路﹢”政務。2.0時代的核心是平臺化；

Smart City 2.0: With the extensive applications of big data, internet, network, cloud computing and other technologies, smart cities have evolved into multi-occupational, multi-occupational, digitally integrated and shared landscape applications that are typically used as "net+" policies.

智慧城市3.0時代：海量的政務數據和社會數據被實時匯聚、共用和線上計算，衍生出新的需求和解決方案。3.0時代最顯著的特徵是智慧化。

The smart city of 3.0 times: Big government and social data are collected, shared and calculated online, generating new needs and solutions. The most prominent feature of the time of 3.0 is intelligence.

當前，世界許多國家紛紛開啟智慧城市建設之路。根據德勤發佈的《超級智慧城市》報告，全球已啟動或在建的智慧城市達1000多個，擁有10個以上啟動或在建智慧城市的國家或地區分別是：中國、美國、歐洲、印度。從在建數量來看，中國以500個試點城市居於首位。

Before that time, many countries around the world opened the way to intelligent cities. According to Deloitte’s report, there are more than 1,000 intelligent cities that have been activated or built around the world, with more than 10 countries or regions that have started or built intelligent cities: China, the United States, Europe, and India.

2 智慧城市分為四層構架

Two intelligent cities divided into four layers.

智慧城市體系構架主要分為感知層、通信層、數據層與應用層四層，同時各層之間資訊聯通。

The intelligent city architecture is divided into four layers: the sensory layer, the communications layer, the data layer and the applications layer, and links information between the various layers at the same time.

感知層：該層是智慧城市技術體系的首要環節，主要是利用RFID電子標簽、感測器、攝像頭、二維碼、遙測遙感等傳感設備和技術進行資訊的採集處理，實現對城市中人與物的全面感知，為智慧城市的高效運作提供基礎資訊。主要的感知方式有身份感知、位置感知、多媒體感知和狀態感知。通過這些感知方式的多種結合，實現資訊匯聚向資訊的協同感知和泛在融合發展。

Sensitivity: This layer is the primary component of the intelligent city technology system. The main means of perception are identity, location, multimedia, and state awareness. Through the combination of these different ways of perception, it is possible to bring together the knowledge of people and things in the city and to integrate them.

通信層：該層是支撐通信和數據的載體網路，主要分為接入層和傳送層。主要通過各種通信網路工具完成感知層網路的接入，將感知層收集和儲存的資訊及數據連接起來，同時提供安全、準確、及時的數據傳送，實現交互與共用。

Communication layer: The layer is a network that supports communications and data, and is divided mainly into access and transmission layers. The network is accessed primarily through a variety of communication network tools, connecting information and data collected and stored by the sensor layer, and providing secure, accurate and timely data transmission, interactive and shared.

數據層：該層主要將感知層獲取的原始數據，如溫度、濕度、定位等各類資訊，按照智慧城市領域模型，整合到相應的領域數據庫中，同時按照時間、空間維度建立城市資訊倉庫，並運用數據倉庫、大數據分析和雲計算等資訊技術，實現數據的存儲、處理和分析。

Data layer: This layer mainly integrates raw data taken from the sensor layer, such as temperature, humidity, positioning, etc., into the corresponding domain data base according to the intelligent urban domain model, while simultaneously building urban information warehouse in time and space dimensions, and using information technology such as data warehouse, big data analysis and cloud computing, storage, processing and analysis of actual data.

應用層：該層直接面向智慧城市的最終用戶，並提供多樣化的應用與服務，如智慧政務、智慧交通、智慧安防、智慧金融等。

Application layer: It directs itself to the ultimate users of intelligent cities and provides multiple applications and services, such as smart politics, smart traffic, smart security, smart finance, etc.

3 需要多種資訊技術支撐

3 requires multiple information technology support.

智慧城市的發展需要多種資訊技術的支撐，如物聯網、雲計算、區塊鏈、人工智慧、5G等。其中，物聯網是智慧城市的基礎。通過物聯網技術在智慧城市的應用，可以收集城市的空氣狀況、天氣變化、污水排放、照明、停車位、充電站、車輛交通、物流等實時數據，實現對物理城市的全面感知。例如，北京市通州區所有路口信號燈，已經全部實現聯網聯控；155平方公里範圍內199處路口已經實現信號配時自適應；通過視頻智慧分析，還可對渣土車闖限行、工地未苫蓋等違規事件進行自動識別、實時警告；甚至垃圾分類品質也可認定，源頭可追溯。

The development of intelligent cities requires a variety of information technologies, such as network networks, cloud computing, sector chains, artificial intelligence, and 5G, among others. The network is the foundation of intelligent cities. The use of network technologies in smart cities allows the collection of city air conditions, weather variations, sewage discharges, lighting, parking spaces, power stations, vehicle traffic, logistics, and so on. For example, all portal beacons in the city of Beijing are now fully connected to the network; 199 traffic points within 155 square kilometres are adapted when they are available; video intelligence analysis also allows self-awareness, factual warning of illegal events such as traffic restrictions, lack of land cover, etc.; and even garbage partitions can be traced.

雲計算是分佈式計算的一種，是通過網路“雲”將巨大的數據計算處理程式分解成無數個小程式，然後，通過多部伺服器組成的系統進行處理和分析，並將結果返回給用戶。通過雲計算可以解決智慧城市中海量數據的及時更新、動態響應等計算問題。

Clouds are sort of a sort of distribution calculation, whereby huge data computing processors are broken down into countless applets via web-based clouds, and then processed and analysed through multiple server systems and returned the results to users. Cloud computing solves problems in accounting for the timely updating of big data in intelligent cities, dynamic response, etc.

區塊鏈是分佈式數據存儲、點對點傳輸、共識機制、加密演算法等電腦技術的新型應用模式。區塊鏈技術的“去中心化”以及不需要第三方提供信用的“去仲介化”等特點，使得區塊鏈技術在智慧金融、智慧醫療、智慧交通、智慧園區、社會治理等領域得到推廣應用。在我國，南京上線全國首個基於區塊鏈的電子證照共用平臺，提升數據防篡改能力，助力行政事項全程網辦。

The block chain is a new application model for computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transfer, cognition systems, encryption algorithms, etc. The "decentralization" of the chain technology and the "go to

人工智慧是研究、開發用於模擬、延伸和擴展人的智慧理論、方法、技術及應用系統的一門新的技術科學。在智慧城市建設中，人工智慧在交通、物流、安防等領域擴展應用。例如在物流的倉儲和裝卸環節當中，人工智慧機器人能感知、判斷和自行解決物流中的某些問題，實現高效分揀抓取和無人貨物配送。

Artificial intelligence is a new technological science for research, development, and extension of human intelligence theory, methodology, technology, and application systems. In intelligent city construction, artificial intelligence is used to expand areas of transport, logistics, security, and so on. For example, in logistics storage and loading loops, artificial intelligence robots are able to sense, judge, and solve some of the problems in logistics themselves, efficiently extracting and distributing unattached goods.

5G是智慧城市發展的新引擎，具備更高速率、更強能力的空中介面技術，能為城市中的人、物、組織提供隨時隨地的連接能力，實現實時連接、交換，滿足城市中不同個體的需求。比如，中國人民解放軍總醫院借助5G技術完成跨越3000公里的遠端人體手術，成功實現對帕金森病患者的緊急救治。

5G is a new engine for the development of intelligent cities, equipped with high-speed, more capable air-media technology that can provide people, goods, and organizations in cities with the ability to connect at any time and in any place, in real time, to meet the needs of different parts of the city. For example, the China People’s Liberation Army’s General Hospital has successfully implemented emergency treatment for Parkinson’s patients by using 5G technology to perform remote human surgery across 3,000 kilometres.

4 運用先進技術解決“城市病”

4 Using advanced technology to solve “urban diseases”

智慧城市運用上述各種現代資訊技術，圍繞社會生活各領域開發了許多智慧應用系統，如智慧交通、智慧安防、智慧醫療、智慧家居等，用以解決交通堵塞、公共安全等城市病問題，優化城市運作效率。

Using all of the above-mentioned modern information technologies, intelligent cities have developed a number of intelligent applications around all areas of social life, such as transportation of wisdom, security of wisdom, medical care of wisdom, and home-based wisdom, to solve urban problems such as traffic congestion, public safety, and to improve the efficiency of urban operations.

智慧交通，是通過監控、監測、交通流量分佈優化等技術，完善公安、城管、公路等監控體系和資訊網路系統，建立以交通誘導、應急指揮、智慧出行、計程車和公交車管理等系統為重點，建設實現交通資訊的充分共用、公路交通狀況的實時監控及智慧化管理的城市交通綜合管理和服務系統。據報道，在杭州，基於人工智慧的智慧交通幫助減少了15%的交通擁堵狀況。

Intelligent traffic is carried out through techniques such as surveillance, surveillance, distribution of traffic, improvement of surveillance systems and information networks, such as public security, urban management, highways, etc., and the creation of systems focusing on traffic inducement, emergency command, travel, taxi and bus management, as well as the development of systems for managing and servicing urban traffic in which the full sharing of traffic information, the effective monitoring of road traffic conditions and the intelligent management of traffic is fully shared. In Hangzhou, it is reported that intelligence based on artificial intelligence has helped to reduce traffic congestion by 15%.

智慧安防突破了傳統安防的界限，進一步與IT、電信、環保、物業等多領域進行融合，有效降低犯罪率，維護城市公共安全。例如，北京警方在朝陽區石佛營社區推廣的可視門鈴系統，可以自動監控記錄家門前徘徊、異常逗留的陌生人，並第一時間將消息推送到主人手機APP上，識別距離可達3.5米以上。

For example, the Beijing police promoted a visual bell system in the Cité Soleil community in the Sun, allowing automatic surveillance of strangers who wandered in front of recorders and stayed in an unusual situation, and first passed the news to the master's phone, APP, at a distance of more than 3.5 metres.