几天前接到一项任务，要给不懂区块链和比特币的小白解释几个常见概念，任务开工后才发现是一项蛮艰巨的任务。混迹币圈一年多，如今地址、区块高度、交易ID整天用，BTC、ETH、EOS等各种代币张口就来，这还不算什么以太、辣条、红烧肉之类的行话，没有学习能力的小白一进来就被吓跑了。
A few days ago, a mission was sent to explain a few common concepts to people who do not know the chain of blocks and bitcoin, before the mission began to work. For more than a year now, addresses, block heights, trade IDs are used all day, BTC, ETH, EOS, and so on.
不过，让小白能够快速入门区块链的办法我也曾想过，曾经还写过一个直播课程，准备用一个小时介绍区块链中的12个基本概念，课程早就写好了，可惜却懒得讲了。因为我曾用了整整一个下午给几个程序员介绍区块链，最后的效果并不理想。今天，我用一篇文章把这些基础概念用非常简短的文字介绍一遍，能不能明白都请留言反馈一下吧。
However, I also thought about the idea of allowing Xiaobai to quickly enter the block chain. I also wrote a live one-hour course to introduce 12 basic concepts in the block chain. Unfortunately, the course was already ready, but I was too lazy to say it. Because I used an entire afternoon to introduce a few programmers to the block chain, and the final effect was not ideal.
区块链(Blockchain)
block chain (Blockchain)
区块链(Blockchain)本身是一个复合词，可以分为两个简单的单词：区块(block)和链(chain)，可以比喻成全世界人民共同维护的公开大账本，内部是由一个一个区块互相链接而成。
The block chain of 区块(Block) block(Block) 一个区块(Block)相当于会计人员的一个账本盒，里面收录着在全世界内发生的一小部分交易账单。每个盒子有唯一的编号，后面的区块用链(Chain)的形式与前面的区块相连。 区块高度(Block Height) Block Height 刚才说到了“链”，会自然想到自行车的链条，但这种类比不太合适。区块链世界的准确术语是区块高度，你需要把区块链想像为堆叠在一起的账本盒，最底层的区块高度为0，向上高度依次增一。 When you say “chains”, you will naturally think about the bicycle chain, but this is not the right type. The exact term for the block world is 比特币(Bitcoin) bitcoin 比特币(Bitcoin)，简称BTC，是运用加密原理构建的第一种数字货币，创始人为中本聪，该货币的计量单位也叫BTC。它的最小单位为聪，即0.00000001 BTC。比特币通过挖矿方式来发行新币，发行总量为2100万个。 bitcoin, or BTC, is the first digital currency to be constructed using encryption principles, the founder of which is Bint Bint, the unit of measure of which is also BTC. Its smallest unit is sone, i.e. 0.000001 BTC. Bitcoin issues a new currency by mining , with a total of 21 million copies. 区块链技术是一种底层技术，比特币是构建在其上的第一种应用。根据区块链内部技术细节的不同，就出现了上千种竞争币(AltCoins)。 Block chain technology is the bottom of the technology, and Bitcoin is the first application to be built on. Depending on the technical detail within the block chain, there are thousands of 交易(Transaction) transactions 这里的交易是指发生在区块链上的交易，要与传统交易相比较来理解。两人面对面的纸币交易，只有双方知道，如果用电子转账，则会被银行这样的中心机构记录在册，此交易信息被三方知晓。 Transactions here are transactions that occur on the block chain and are understood in comparison with traditional transactions. 发生在区块链上的交易，则会迅速广播至全世界的所有其它计算机，任何一台计算机都可证明这笔交易的存在，不容抵赖。 Transactions occurring on the block chain are quickly broadcast to all other computers around the world, and the existence of the transaction can be proved by any computer and cannot be denied. 钱包(Wallet) Wallet 我们把参与到比特币网络中的计算机软件称为节点，我们大多数用户最常用的是发币、收币、查看交易记录等，这类软件称为钱包软件，这些钱包软件也是节点，它们要与其它钱包软件互换区块数据和交易数据。 We call the computer software involved in the Bitcoin network the node , and most of our users most commonly issue currency, collect currency, view transaction records, etc., such software as the wallet software 保存了全部大账本的钱包软件称为全节点钱包(当前所有区块的数据已经超过了150GB)，如Bitcoin Core;而只保存了部分账本数据的钱包软件称为轻钱包(可能只需100多M)，比如Breadwallet钱包等。 The wallet software that keeps all the large books is called 挖矿(Mining) Mining 区块链上的交易采用分布式竞争记账，任何一笔转账交易都广播至全世界的网络中，每个人都可以参与记账，但要完成一定工作量的数学运算(也叫挖矿，如今的计算量已经达到了天文数字)。谁先完成这个运算，谁就有权在全世界公开的大账本上增加一个区块，并获得BTC奖励。这个增加的区块仍要经过全世界其它计算机的验证，再迅速广播到全世界网络中，开始下一轮新的竞争。 Transactions on the block chain are recorded on a competitive and distributed basis, and any transfer transaction is broadcast to a worldwide network in which everyone can participate, but to complete a mathematical calculation of a certain amount of work (also known as mine mining, which has now reached astronomical figures). Whoever completes this calculation first has the right to add a block to a large account book that is publicly available worldwide and to be rewarded by the BTC. This additional block still needs to be validated by other computers around the world, so that it can be quickly broadcast to a worldwide network and start the next round of new competition. 交易ID(Transaction ID) TradeID 交易ID即TxID，是transaction ID的简称。一笔交易通过计算机编码之后就是一串二进制数字，会占用几百、几千字节不等，并不利于查询。把这些字节的内容再经过一个数学变换生成一个长度为64的字母数字串，可以唯一代表这笔交易，方便记录和查询。 The transaction ID, TxID, is the acronym of the transaction ID. A transaction is coded by computer and is a series of binary numbers, which varies by hundreds and thousands of bytes and is not conducive to querying. The content of these bytes is then generated by a mathematical conversion into a 64-length alphanumeric string, which can only represent the transaction and facilitate recording and searching. 下面是一个txID的例子： The following is an example of a txID: 9cd60057ba30918038fba9ae41c58c2315cbd210b1de4f1bb90434edd610ef7a 确认数(Confirmations) Confirmations 区块链分布式记账网络中，如果你的交易被挖矿产生的新区块收录，则称为增加了一次确认。如果在这个区块之上又有后续新区块产生，则确认数又增加一次。得到越多的确认数，交易越不可能被篡改。如果涉及大额资金的转账，通常认为6次交易确认数是足够可信的。 In the block chain distribution accounting network, if your transaction is recorded by a new block created by a mine, it is called an additional confirmation. If a new block is created on top of this block, the number of confirmations is increased again. The greater the number of confirmations, the less likely the transaction is to be tampered with. If the transfer of large sums of money is involved, the six transaction confirmations are generally considered to be sufficiently credible. 地址(Address) address (Address) 比特币地址可以理解为银行卡的卡号，你可以放心地公开给他人，用于BTC收款。它是一串长度为30左右的字母和数字组成的字符串，以“1”或“3”开头的地址最为常见，从本质上讲，这个地址是一串私钥通过复杂的加密算法生成的。 The bitcoin address can be understood as the card number of a bank card, and you can give it to others in confidence for the collection of BTC. It is a string of letters and numbers of about 30 lengths, with the most common addresses starting with “1” or “3” and, in essence, a set of private keys generated by sophisticated encryption algorithms. 下面是一个比特币地址的例子： The following is an example of a bitcoin address: 1NVL791XZCEWGxY7co6zgP5EkB1jf2dv9m 以太坊(Ethereum) Etherum 比特币的区块链里可以嵌入少量程序代码，不过出于安全考虑，代码的功能较弱。以太坊(Ethereum，创始人为天才少年Vitalik Buterin)则扩展了这部分功能，成为一个能够在区块链上实现智能合约的底层开发平台。基于以太坊，如果编写好一套合约的运行规则，则可以轻松发行一种新的代币(Token)。运行以太坊上面的程序需要消耗一种基础货币 —— 以太币( Ether , 简称 ETH )。 Bitcoin's block chain can be embedded in a small number of program codes, although the function of the code is weak for reasons of security. In Etherum, the founder of the genius Vitalik Buterin, this part of the function has been expanded to become a bottom development platform that can achieve smart contract/a>. Based on Ethel, a new 智能合约(Smart Contract) Smart Contract 智能合约(Smart Contract)，简单理解就是让合同能够自动执行。这里的合约是由程序代码定义的，一旦部署之后就由平台(比如以太坊平台)强制执行，人工无法干预，合约的参与者也无须彼此信任。有人认为比特币是区块链1.0时代，而把智能合约称为区块链2.0时代。 The simple understanding is that the Smart Contract is to allow the contract to be executed automatically. The contract here is defined by the program code and, once deployed, enforced by the platform (e.g., the Etherwood platform), cannot be interfered with manually, and its participants need not trust each other. It is argued that Bitcoin is a 1.0-year-old block chain, and calls the smart contract a 2.0-year-old block chain.
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