人类自诞生以来，从未停止过对自然界的探索，我们一直在观察自然现象，记录自然规律，利用自然界传达的各种信息为人类的生活服务。
Human beings have never stopped exploring nature since they were born, and we have been observing natural phenomena, recording natural patterns and using the messages that nature conveys to serve the lives of humankind.
随着互联网的发展和传感器技术的进步，如果将自然界的万物都接入互联网，让传感器帮助人类采集信息，让计算机代替人类处理信息，生活将会是多么的便捷呢？这就是物联网(IoT)概念的来源。什么是物联网？简而言之，物联网就是将现实世界中的实体连到互联网上，实现物与物、人与物之间可以很方便地相互沟通。
With the development of the Internet and advances in sensor technology, how easy would life be to connect everything in the natural world to the Internet, to allow sensors to help humans collect information, and to allow computers to process information instead of humans? This is the source of the Iotnet concept. What is the object network? Simply put, the object network is to connect entities in the real world to the Internet, so that things, people, people can communicate easily with each other.
物联网，作为新技术，定义千差万别。一个普遍被大家接受的定义为：物联网是通过使用射频识别（RFID）、传感器、红外感应器、全球定位系统、激光扫描器等信息采集设备，按约定的协议，把任何物品与互联网连接起来，进行信息交换和通讯，以实现智能化识别、定位、跟踪、监控和管理的一种网络。物联网被认为是继计算机、互联网之后，世界信息产业的第三次浪潮。
Physical networking, defined as a new technology, is widely accepted as the third wave of the world information industry through the use of radio frequency recognition (RFID), sensors, infrared sensors, global positioning systems (GPS), laser scanners, etc., to connect any item to the Internet, as agreed, and to exchange information and communications in order to achieve a network of intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management. Material networking is considered to be the third wave of the world information industry after computers, the Internet.
那么，物联网和互联网有什么关系呢？众所周知，互联网+商场=天猫，互联网+义乌小商品=淘宝，互联网+中关村=中关村，互联网+旅行社=携程，互联网+餐厅=美团，互联网+出租车=滴滴出行，互联网+聊天软件=腾讯，互联网+搜索=百度，互联网+直播=斗鱼，互联网+金融=虚拟货币，互联网+股权众筹=万众创新......那么，问题来了，互联网+以上所有=？没错！物联网！在这个崇尚连接的时代，越来越多的连接正在改变人们的生活，相应会塑造出无数的商业机会。
So what's the relationship between the Internet and the Internet? As you know, the Internet + the mall = Skycat, the Internet + the small goods = the treasures, the Internet + the central village = the central village, the Internet + the travel agency = the ride, the Internet + the restaurant = the American community, the Internet + the taxi = the drop-off, the Internet + chat software = the tether, the Internet + the search = 100 degrees, the Internet + the live = the fish, the Internet + finance = the virtual currency, the Internet + the equity group = the innovation of all... So, here comes the problem, the Internet + and above = all?
物联网的发展历程
The development of the
全球公认的物联网起源，要追溯到1991年英国剑桥大学的著名的“特洛伊”咖啡壶事件。剑桥大学特洛伊计算机实验室的科学家们在工作时，需要步行两层楼梯到地面看咖啡煮好了没有，但常常空手而归，这让他们觉得很苦恼。
Globally recognized origins date back to the well-known “Troy” coffee pot incident at Cambridge University, England, in 1991. Scientists at the Troy Computer Laboratory at Cambridge need to walk two floors to the ground to see if the coffee is ready, but often go home empty-handed.
为了解决这一麻烦，他们编写了一套程序，并在咖啡壶旁边安装了一个便携式摄像机，镜头对准咖啡壶，利用计算机的图像捕捉技术，以180f/s的速率传递到实验室的计算机上，以方便科学家们随时查看咖啡是否煮好。后来这套简单的本地“咖啡观察”系统又经过其他同事的更新，以1f/s的速率通过实验室网站连接到互联网上。
In order to solve this problem, they prepared a set of programs and installed a portable camera next to the coffee pot, pointing the camera towards the coffee kettle, using computer image capture techniques, which were transmitted to the laboratory's computer at 180f/s speed to allow scientists to check whether the coffee was ready at any time. This simple local “coffee observation” system was then updated by other colleagues to connect to the Internet at 1f/s speed through the laboratory website.
没有想到的是，仅仅为了窥探咖啡煮好了没有，全世界互联网用户蜂拥而至，近240万人点击过这个名噪一时的“咖啡壶”网站。2001年8月，特洛伊咖啡壶在eBay拍卖网以7300美元价格售出。这项不经意的发明居然在全世界引起了巨大的轰动。“特洛伊咖啡壶”是全世界物联网最早获得应用的一个雏形。
In August 2001, the Trojan coffee pot was sold on the eBay auction network at a price of $7,300. This unwitting invention caused great excitement around the world. The Trojan coffee pot is one of the first features of the world’s product network to be used.
1995年，比尔盖茨在《未来之路》一书中首次提到了“物物相连”的构想，但迫于当时无线网络、传感设备的局限，这一构想无法真正落地。但随着技术的进步，当初盖茨那些脑洞大开的想法，对未来的各种预测，许多都已经照进现实。
In 1995, Bill Gates first mentioned the idea of a “material connection” in his book The Way to the Future, but that idea could not really fall to the ground owing to the limitations of the wireless network and sensor equipment at the time. But, with technological advances, many of the ideas of Gates’ opening-up brain holes and predictions of the future have taken shape.
《未来之路》中有写道：“你能把所有信息和更多软件存人一种信息装置中，我们姑且称之为袖珍个人计算机。它与钱包一样大小，你可把它放进口袋或手提袋中。它不仅可以显示信息和时刻表，而且能让你阅读/发送电子邮件、记录天气和股票评论，还可以玩简单的或者复杂的游戏。”
In The Way to the Future, it says, "You can store all information and more software in an information device that we call a pocket personal computer. It's as big as a wallet, you can put it in an imported bag or a handbag. It not only shows information and a schedule, but also allows you to read/to e-mail, record weather and stock reviews, and play simple or complicated games."
这不正是我们须臾不可离身的智能手机吗？机不离手，手不离机，一机在手，天长地久，机不在手，魂都没有。虽然比尔盖茨描述的袖珍个人计算机与智能手机并不完全一样，但基本上就是智能手机的雏形。
Isn't that the smartphone that we have to leave? The machine is not out of hand, the hand is out of hand, the machine is out of hand, it's out of hand, it's out of hand, it's out of hand, it's out of hand, it's out of soul.
《未来之路》中还写道：“如果你想欣赏博物馆或美术馆的艺术作品，那么你可以‘走’进一种视觉显示画面，在作品之中自由切换，就像你亲自在现场般。你可以用超级链路来了解一幅画或一尊雕像的详细信息……”
"If you want to enjoy the art of museums or galleries, you can `go' into a visual image and switch in it, as if you were there yourself. You can use a superlink to get detailed information about a painting or a statue..."
如今，虚拟现实（VR，Virtual Reality）的发展已使得这一预言在逐步实现。随着VR/AR、人工智能、5G/云/边缘计算、区块链等技术的发展，人类在三维空间的探索愈发成熟，各种前沿技术的完美结合甚至可以达到“真假难辨”的程度。
Today, the development of VR, Virtual Reality has led to the progressive realization of this prophecy. With the development of technologies such as VR/AR, artificial intelligence, 5G/Cloud/Range computing, block chains, etc., human exploration in three-dimensional space is becoming ever more mature, and the perfect combination of cutting-edge technologies can even reach the level of “false truth.”
事实上，“物联网”一词第一次正式出现在人们的视野中是在1999年，提出者便是江湖人称“物联网之父”的凯文·艾什顿，当时艾什顿在宝洁公司做了一次内部讲座，题目就是“物联网”。艾什顿当时对物联网的定义很简单：把所有物品通过射频识别等信息传感设备与互联网连接起来，实现智能化识别和管理。
In fact, the word “material networking” appeared in the eyes of the public for the first time in 1999, when Kevin Ashton, the father of the “material network”, was introduced by the people of the river, who gave an in-house lecture on the subject “material networking”. Ashton defined the word “material networking” very simply: all things are connected to the Internet through information communication devices such as radio frequency recognition, and intelligent identification and management.
1995年，当时艾什顿还在担任宝洁公司的品牌经理。他在一次巡店时，发现一款热卖的棕色口红总是处于售罄的状态，原本以为是销售一空，没想到在与宝洁供应链员工进行沟通时得知，其实仓库里存货依旧不少，只是因为仓库和销售点的信息滞后，导致补货不及时。在别人看来，这也许就是个巧合，艾什顿只是碰巧走进了那家卖断货的商店。但艾什顿并不买账：他倒要看看那支口红去哪儿了？究竟那支口红发生了什么？
In 1995, Ashton was still the brand manager of the Purchasing Company. During a cruise, he discovered that a hot brown lipstick was always sold out, thought it was sold out, and when he was communicating with the staff of the Purgus supply chain, he was told that there was still a lot of stock in the warehouse, just because the information at the warehouse and the point of sale was lagging, and that it was not timely. In the view of others, it might be a coincidence that Ashton just happened to be in the shop that sold the sold-out goods. But Ashton did not buy the money: where did he go to see the lipstick? What happened to the lipstick?
那个年代，零售商们还普遍采用条形码扫描系统进行库存管理，但条形码不能传递产品的位置信息，无法得知货架上实时的销售状况，以致无法及时补充售罄的商品。“显然，条形码并不完美。”艾什顿表示。他认为，一定能够找出一种可以跟踪商品动态变化的方法。
In that era, retailers also generally used bar code scanning systems for inventory management, but bar codes failed to convey information on the location of the product, to learn about real-time sales on the shelf, so that they could not replace the sold-out goods in a timely manner. “It is clear that bar codes are not perfect.” Ashton said, he believed that there must be a way to track commodity dynamics.
有一天，艾什顿开车回家的时候灵光一闪：如果将会员卡中的无线通信芯片内置到口红里，结果会怎样? 他把一枚小小的无线电芯片放入一支口红，把一副天线安装在货架上，这使得口红包装的数据可以提醒商店的管理人员哪些商品已经不在架子上了。这种科技让艾什顿多了双安在货架上的“眼睛”。
One day, Ashton drove home: What would happen if the wireless communication chip in the membership card was embedded in the lipstick? He put a small radio chip in a lipstick and installed an antenna on the shelf, which would remind store managers of what was no longer on the shelf.
艾什顿将其笼统地命名为“存储系统”。20世纪90年代，互联网刚刚面向大众。通过连接到互联网并在网上存储数据，该芯片能够节省开支和内存。为了帮助公司主管掌握这种将诸如口红之类的物品连接到互联网的系统，艾什顿给这种无须经由人类就能让物品相互交流信息的系统起了一个短而不合语法的名字—“物联网”。
Ashton named it the “storage system” in general. In the 1990s, the Internet was just reaching the general public. By connecting to the Internet and storing data online, the chip saves expenses and memory. To help company managers master the system that connects items such as lipstick to the Internet, Ashton gave this system, which does not require humans to exchange information among them, a short and grammatical name - the “material network”.
物联网概念正式被提出，是在2005年11月17日。那一天，在突尼斯举行的信息社会世界峰会(WSIS)上，国际电信联盟（ITU）发布了《ITU互联网报告2005：物联网》，正式提出了物联网概念。报告指出，泛在“物联网”通信时代即将来临，世界上所有物体都可以通过互联网自主进行数据交换。
On 17 November 2005, at the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), held in Tunis, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) launched the ITU Internet Report 2005: The Network of Objects, which officially introduced the concept of the Internet. The report states that, as the era of “material networking” communications approaches, all objects of the world are free to exchange data via the Internet.
进入21世纪以来，随着传感设备、嵌入式系统与互联网的普及，物联网被认为是继计算机、互联网之后的第三次信息革命浪潮。物联网已经在全世界得到极大的重视，主要工业化国家纷纷提出了各种的物联网发展战略。
Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, with the spread of sensor equipment, embedded systems, and the Internet, physical networking has been regarded as the third wave of the information revolution following computers and the Internet. Physical networking has received considerable attention throughout the world, with major industrialized countries proposing various strategies for the development of physical networking.
中国物联网市场规模目前处于稳步上升阶段，十三五期间，年均复合增长率达到23.4%。2020年，疫情促进了数字化转型步伐，同比增长率明显上扬。2022年，在国际形式不稳定，国内疫情连绵的背景下，全国物联网市场规模同比增长率有所下滑。
The size of China’s networked goods market is currently steadily rising, with an average annual compound growth rate of 23.4 per cent during the 13th and 15th years, and the epidemic contributed to a digital transition in 2020, with a marked rise in the same rate. In 2022, against a backdrop of international instability and domestic contagion, the size of the country’s networked goods market declined in comparison with the rate of growth.
物联网的技术特征
Technical features of the
那么物联网有哪些技术特征呢？众所周知，物联网可以分为四个层级，包括感知层、传输层、平台层、应用层。
What are the technical features of the network? It is well known that the network can be divided into four layers: the sensor layer, the transmission layer, the platform layer, and the application layer.
感知层是物联网的最底层，其主要功能是收集数据，通过芯片、传感器、执行器、模组等终端从物理世界中采集信息。
The sensor layer is the bottom of the object network and its main function is to collect data and to collect information from the physical world through terminals such as chips, sensors, implementers, modules, etc.
传输层是物联网的管道，主要负责传输数据，将感知层采集和识别的信息进一步传输到平台层。传输层主要应用无线传输方式，无线传输可以分为远距传输和近距传输。
The transmission layer is a conduit for the network of objects and is primarily responsible for the transmission of data and the further transmission of the information collected and identified by the sensor layer to the platform layer. The transmission layer is mainly based on wireless transmission, which can be divided into long-range and close-range transmissions.
平台层负责处理数据，在物联网体系中起到承上启下的作用，主要将来自感知层的数据进行汇总、处理和分析，主要包括PaaS平台、AI平台和其他能力平台。
The platform layer is responsible for processing data and plays an enlightened role in the network system, bringing together, processing and analysing mainly data from the sensor layer, including, inter alia, the PaaS platform, the AI platform and other capacity platforms.
应用层是物联网的最顶层，主要基于平台层的数据解决具体垂直领域的行业问题，包括安防、物流、交通、家居等领域。
The application layer is the top layer of the property network and addresses industry issues in specific vertical areas, including security, logistics, transport, home housing and so on, based mainly on data from the platform layer.
总的来说，物联网的技术特征主要有以下三个方面：
In general, there are three main technical features of the network:
① 全面感知：利用RFID，传感器，二维码等随时随地获取物体的信息。“感知”是物联网的核心，是指对客观事物的信息直接获取并进行认知和理解的过程。人们对于信息获取的需求促使其不断研发新的技术来获取感知信息，如传感器、RFID、定位技术等。
1 Overall Perception: Access to information about objects at any time and anywhere using RFID, sensors, two-dimensional codes, etc. "Sense" is at the heart of the object network and refers to the process of direct access to information about objective things and of cognitive and understanding. The demand for access to information prompts people to continuously develop new technologies to acquire perception information, such as sensors, RFID, positioning technology, etc.
② 可靠传递：通过各种电信网络与互联网的融合，将物体的信息实时准确地传递出去。数据传递的稳定性和可靠性是保证物—物相连的关键。为了实现物与物之间信息交互，就必须约定统一的通信协议。同时，由于物联网是一个异构网络，不同的实体间协议规范可能存在差异，需要通过相应的软、硬件进行转换，保证物品之间信息的实时、准确、传递。
2 Reliable transmission: Real-time and accurate transmission of the information of an object through the integration of various telecommunications networks with the Internet. Stability and reliability of data transmission are the key to the bond-protocol. In order to achieve information-to-material interaction, it is necessary to agree on a unified communication protocol. At the same time, since the network is a hesitological network, different inter-entity protocol norms may differ and require conversion through the corresponding software and hardware to ensure that information between items is real-time, accurate, and transmitted.
③ 智能处理：利用云计算，模糊识别等各种智能计算技术，对海量的数据和信息进行分析和处理，对物体实施智能化的控制。物联网的目的是实现对各种物品（包括人）进行智能化识别、定位、跟踪、监控和管理等功能。需要通过云计算、人工智能等智能计算技术，对海量数据进行存储、分析和处理，针对不同的应用需求，对物品实施智能化的控制。
3 Smart handling: Use of various smart computing techniques, such as cloud computing, blurring recognition, analysis and processing of big data and information, and intellectual control of objects. The object network is designed to achieve intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management of a variety of items (including humans).
物联网的应用场景
目前，物联网的连接场景主要分为六大应用场景：①家庭场景，像智能音箱、智能门锁、智能摄像头、网关等智能硬件。②工业场景，像智能水表、智能电表、工业设备监控装置等智能硬件。③个人场景，像智能手环、智能手表、电子学生卡等智能穿戴设备。④车联网场景，像行车卫士等产品。⑤聚类市场场景，主要指智慧园区、智慧社区的建设，包含烟感、门禁、摄像头等智能硬件。⑥中低速场景，像生活中的智能单车、智能充电桩。
Currently, the connection scene of the Internet is divided into six main applications: a family scene, smart hardware such as smart sound boxes, smart door locks, smart cameras, gateways, etc. 2 industrial scenes, smart hardware such as smart water meters, smart electricity meters, industrial equipment monitoring devices, 3 personal scenes, smart wear devices such as smart hand rings, smart watches, electronic student cards, 4 car network scenes, products such as pedestrian guards. 5 cluster market scenes, mainly in intelligent parks, intelligent communities, and smart hardware such as smoke, door bans, cameras, etc. 6 medium- and low-speed scenes, such as smart single cars, smart charge boards, etc.
下面围绕物流、农业、消防等领域，介绍一下物联网在其应用。
The following is a presentation on networking applications in the areas of logistics, agriculture and fire prevention.
①智慧物流
1 Smart Logistics
物流业作为国家经济支柱性产业，目前限制其行业发展的主要因素有两点，一是末端物流配送成本高，二是基础设施建设不完备。要降低我国物流成本,就必须减少中间的无效搬运,这就需要依靠互联网和信息化技术来解决。智慧物流则是指将物联网与传统物流业整合，通过以精细、动态、科学的管理，实现物流的自动化、可视化、可控化、智能化、网络化。
The logistics industry, as the backbone of the country’s economy, is currently constrained by two main factors, namely, the high cost of end-of-pipe logistics distribution and inadequate infrastructure. Reducing the cost of logistics in our country requires a reduction in intermediate ineffectiveness, which is addressed by the Internet and information technology.
智慧物流系统架构的提出基于物联网技术在物流业的应用。因此智慧物流系统架构将从物联网技术属性、物流业固有属性这两个层面介绍。
The architecture of intelligent logistics systems is based on the application of physical networking technologies in the logistics industry. Thus, the architecture of intelligent logistics systems will be presented in terms of both the technical attributes of physical networking and the inherent attributes of the logistics industry.
从智慧物流系统的物联网属性来看,智慧物流系统技术架构主要分为三层技术:感知层、网络层、应用层。感知层是智慧物流系统实现对货物感知的基础,是智慧物流的起点。网络层是智慧物流的神经网络与虚拟空间。应用层是智慧物流的应用系统,借助物联网感知技术,感知到网络层的决策指令,在应用层实时执行操作。
In terms of the physical networking properties of intelligent logistics systems, the technical architecture of intelligent logistics systems is divided into three main layers of technology: the sensory layer, the network layer, and the application layer. The sensory layer is the basis for intelligent logistics systems to achieve their perception of goods and is the starting point for intelligent logistics. The network layer is the neural network and virtual space for intelligent logistics. The application layer is the application system for intelligent logistics, which is implemented in real time at the application level, with the help of visualization technology, the understanding of decision-making directives at the network level.
从智慧物流系统的物流业固有属性来看,智慧物流系统主要由仓内技术、干线技术、最后一公里技术和末端技术组成。仓内技术主要应用于物流系统的应用层,实现物流自动分类分拣和机器搬运；干线技术主要是指无人驾驶卡车技术；最后一公里技术是末端配送中重要的一项技术；末端技术主要是指智能快递柜。智慧物流系统的数据底盘主要包括物联网、大数据和人工智能三大领域。智慧物流的技术架构下图所示。
In terms of the inherent attributes of the logistics industry of an intelligent logistics system, the intelligent logistics system consists mainly of in-house technology, backbone technology, last-kilometre technology, and terminal technology. In-house technology is mainly applied to the application layers of the logistics system, allowing for the automatic classification of logistics and machine handling; in-field technology is mainly unmanned truck technology; in-last-kilometre technology is an important technology in end-to-end distribution; and in-end technology is mainly a smart delivery cabinet. The data chassis of the intelligent logistics system consists mainly of three main areas: physical networking, large data, and artificial intelligence.
智慧物流市场快速发展，预计2025年规模超万亿元，行业正向自动化、无人化、数据化、智能化发展。未来物流机器人会大量出现，目前，不管阿里还是京东，以及顺丰等各大快递企业都会投入智能物流的硬件研发和应用。随着人力成本的不断提高,机器人成本与人工成本会越来越接近。简单重复性劳动被机器人取代只是时间问题。
The market for intelligent logistics is growing rapidly, and is expected to be larger than trillion yuan in 2025, and the industry is moving toward automation, manoeuvring, dataification, and intelligence. There will be a proliferation of logistics robots in the future.
②智慧农业
2 Smart Farm
智慧农业是指利用物联网、人工智能等现代信息技术，将现代信息技术与传统农业相结合，实现信息化、精确化的农业生产全过程。智慧农业是农业信息化发展从数字化到网络化再到智能化的高级阶段,是中国农业4.0的核心内容。目前，我国智慧农业主要集中在农业种植和畜牧养殖两个方面，发展潜力巨大。
Smart agriculture is an advanced stage of agricultural information development, from digitalization to networkization to intellectualization, which is at the heart of 4.0 Chinese agriculture. At present, smart agriculture is concentrated on both farming and livestock farming, with great potential for development.
智慧农业技术架构根据物联网层次可分为四层：感知层、网络层、平台层、应用层。
The intelligent agricultural technology architecture can be divided into four layers according to the network level: the sensory layer, the network layer, the platform layer, and the application layer.
感知层是指智慧农业中的感知环节,利用信息感知技术感知农业生产环境、动植物生命及质量安全与追溯。在种植业中，主要采集光照、温度、水分、肥力、气体等种植信息参数；在畜禽养殖业中,主要采集二氧化碳、氨气和二氧化硫等有害气体含量,空气尘埃、飞沫以及温湿度等环境参数；水产养殖业主要收集溶解氧、酸碱度、氨氮、电导率以及浊度等数据。
The sensory layer refers to the sensory link in intelligent agriculture, where information technology is used to sense the safety and traceability of agricultural production environments, plant and animal life and quality. In the plantation sector, information parameters are collected mainly on cultivation of light, temperature, moisture, fertility, gas, etc.; in livestock farming, the concentration of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, ammonia and sulphur dioxide is collected mainly on environmental parameters such as air dust, fly spores and temperature moisture; and in aquaculture, data are collected mainly on dissolved oxygen, acid alkali, ammonia, electrical conductivity and turbidity.
网络层使用信息传输技术，将传感器的数据通过ZigBee、WiFi、LoRa、NB-IoT等无线通信技术传输到云平台。
The network layer uses information transmission technology to transmit sensor data to cloud platforms via wireless communication technologies such as ZigBee, WiFi, Lora and NB-IOT.
平台层利用大数据、云计算、人工智能等技术对网络层传输过来的数据进行分析处理,并产生决策指令,从而在应用层控制设备进行自动化操作。
The platform layer uses techniques such as large data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, etc. to analyse and process data transferred from the network layer and to produce decision-making instructions to automate the operation of the layer control equipment.
应用层包括智慧种植、智慧家畜养殖、智慧水产养殖、农产品溯源、智慧粮食存储等典型应用，如下图所示。
The application layer includes typical applications such as intelligent farming, intelligent livestock farming, intelligent aquaculture, agricultural traceability, and intelligent food storage, as shown in the figure below.
③智慧消防
3 Smart Firefighter
智慧消防解决方案，结合物联网、智能预警、智能处理、大数据等先进技术，通过在硬件层加入数据采集设备，构建传感网络，将数据上传至智慧消防管理平台，打通从灾情感知到智能预警再到智能处理整个智慧消防全流程，实现可视化“一张图”的智慧监管及掌控，再通过“消防管理平台”即可做到指挥、调度、分析、决策全过程，为分秒必争的救援赢得更多时间，最大程度降低灾害损失。
Smart fire management solutions, combined with advanced technologies such as physical networking, smart warning, intelligent processing and big data, provide intellectual control and control of visualization of “one map” by incorporating data collection devices in hardware layers, building sensor networks, uploading data to intelligent fire management platforms, communicating disaster awareness to intelligent warning to intelligent fire management processes as a whole, and then command, dispatch, analysis and decision-making through “fire management platforms” that maximize time and minimize disaster losses for time-consuming and time-consuming rescues.
智慧消防核心由应用、平台、传输、汇聚及感知五层架构组成，其中应用及平台两层构成智慧消防的头部应用，传输层由智慧消防的无线传输设备构成，汇聚层及感知层由原传统消防的底层能力构成。
The intelligent fire core consists of five layers of application, platform, transmission, assembly and perception, of which two layers form the head application of the intelligent fire, the transmission layer is made up of wireless transmission equipment for the intelligent fire, and the assembly and perception layer is made up of the original conventional fire-fighting bottom capability.
物联网+新技术应用
object networking > new technology applications
物联网的兴起是信息技术高速发展的必然，是互联网发展到一定阶段的产物。物联网的核心点是把物联到网络上，形成一个庞大、智能的网络，所有的物品都能够远程感知以及远程控制。物联网发展的下一步是继续加强与区块链、人工智能、可穿戴设备、AR/VR、机器人、无人机、3D打印等的结合，实现物联网+，下面介绍几种热门的物联网+。
The next step in the development of the network is to continue to strengthen the integration with block chains, artificial intelligence, wearable equipment, AR/VR, robotics, drones, 3D printing, and so on, and to make the network +.
①物联网+区块链
1 object networking > block chain
随着物联网的发展，我们进入了大数据的时代。可以说，数据之于物联网相当于流量之于互联网，数据间进行交易和共享，是市场发展的必然趋势，只有通过数据多维度的融合，才能发挥数据的最大价值。但目前数据都是孤岛,大多数企业不愿意将自己的数据通过交易中心进行交易，这主要在于利益以及将来可能发生的关于利益分配的纠纷，这样就急需一套安全的、可信度高的又可以开放共享的数据管理方法。
But data are now isolated, and most businesses are reluctant to trade their own data through trading centres, mainly because of benefits and possible future disputes over the distribution of benefits, so that a secure, credible and shared data management system is urgently needed.
这时候，区块链提供了新的思路。区块链是一种分布式加密数字分类技术,非常适合记录物联网机器之间发生的海量交易的详细信息。得益于区块链的交易共享性和不可篡改性，去中心化的价值传递将给物联网服务带来变革式的提升。面对未来IoT设备规模的爆发增长、应用区块链技术有望改善物联网平台的如下痛点：
At this point, the block chain provides new ideas. The block chain is a distributed cryptographic digital classification technology that is well suited to record detailed information on the volume of transactions that take place between the object network machines. Because of the shared and non-frozen nature of the block chain, decentralised value transfer will lead to a transformative upgrading of the object network service. In the face of the future growth of the IOT equipment, the application of block chain technology is expected to improve the object network platform as follows:
● 降低交易前的验证成本：利用区块链系统下记录的不可篡改的优势，平台下的用户和设备不需要验证双方信息，只需要在交易时判断对方给予的条件与先前是否不同。
• Reducing pre-transaction certification costs: taking advantage of the immutable advantages recorded under block chain systems, users and equipment under the platform do not need to authenticate both parties' information, but only need to determine at the time of the transaction whether the counterparty has given different conditions than previously.
● 降低运营管理成本：利用区块链点对点网络技术，每个节点作为对等节点，因而整个物联网解决方案不需要引入大型数据中心进行数据同步和管理控制，从而降低数据通信和处理的成本。
• Reducing operational management costs: using block-to-point network technology, each node serves as an equivalent node, so that the whole object network solution does not require the introduction of large data centres for data synchronization and management control, thereby reducing the cost of data communication and processing.
● 保护数据安全与隐私：区块链记录提供安全性,记录的副本在大量分布的物理位置和逻辑位置,没有一方拥有对其进行操作的集中控制能力。
• Protection of data security and privacy: block chain records are secure, copies of records are distributed in a large number of physical and logical locations, and none of the parties has a centralized control capacity to operate them.
● 方便可靠的费用结算和支付：通过使用区块链技术，不同所有者的物联网设备可以直接通过加密协议传输数据，且可以把数据传输按照交易进行计费结算，这就需要在物联网区块链中设计一种加密“数字货币”作为交易结算的基础单位，所有的物联网设备提供商只要在出厂之前给设备加入区块链的支持，就可以在全网范围内在各个不同的运营商之间进行直接的货币结算。
• Facilitating reliable settlement and payment of costs: through the use of block chain technology, data can be transmitted directly through encryption protocols by different owners, and data transfers can be accounted for on a transaction basis, which requires the design of an encrypted “digital currency” as the base unit for transaction settlement in the physical network block chain, and direct monetary settlement between the different operators on a network-wide basis, provided that all PIF providers provide support to the equipment to be added to the block chain prior to its departure.
② 物联网+人工智能
2 Material networking > artificial intelligence
随着人工智能底层技术的迅速发展，现在智能机器已经实现“从认识物理世界”到“个性化场景落地”的跨越。人工智能与物联网结合将逐渐深入各行各业并引起革命性变革，AI在科技和烦琐的工程中能够代替人类进行各种技术工作和部分脑力劳动，由此就造成了现在已形成的社会结构的剧烈变化。
With the rapid development of technologies at the bottom of artificial intelligence, smart machines have now moved from “seeing the physical world” to “seeing the personalized landscape.” The combination of artificial intelligence and object networking will gradually deepen into a wide range of industries and trigger revolutionary changes, and AI has been able to replace humans in technology and cumbersome engineering with a variety of technical and partial intellectual work, which has led to dramatic changes in the social fabric that has now evolved.
人工智能负责识别、感知和处理，物联网则负责物物相连。目前，物联网行业已初步形成云—管—端三个层次，其中，端指各类智能硬件，如智能手机、智能音箱、智能汽车等；管指连接管理平台，云则包括基础设施服务、平台服务、软件服务、第三方服务等。随着和人工智能的深度融合，未来物联网将呈现如下功能：
Artificial intelligence is responsible for recognition, perception and handling, and object networking is responsible for physical connection. At present, the property networking industry has developed three layers of cloud-pipe-end, which refer to various types of smart hardware, such as smart phones, smart sound boxes, smart cars, etc., and connections management platforms, where clouds include infrastructure services, platform services, software services, third-party services, etc. With deep integration with artificial intelligence, future object networking will have the following functions:
● 边缘智能：终端在断网离线的情况下，也可以进行智能决策；当需要对数据进行实时处理情况下，可以迅速产生行动应对突发状况。
• Marginal intelligence: Terminals can also make smart decisions when offline; when data are required to be processed in real time, action can be quickly generated to respond to a state of emergency.
● 互联驱动：当智能产品处于“组网”的状态时，产品与产品之间能够实现不需要人为干预的智能协同。
• Interconnectivity drivers: where intelligent products are in a “combined” state, smart synergies between products and products can be achieved that do not require human intervention.
● 云端升级：当智能产品处于“联网”状态时，云端的人工智能可以更好地挖掘和发挥边缘硬件的价值，让智能产品发挥更大的功效。有了边缘智能的辅助，云端智能完成进一步的数据整合，创造系统与系统之间互相协同的最大价值。
• Cloud upgrades: When smart products are “connected”, cloud-side artificial intelligence can better tap and leverage the value of peripheral hardware and make smart products more effective. With peripheral intelligence support, cloud intelligence completes further data integration and creates the maximum value of synergy between systems.
设想在没有人工智能的情况下，物联网将是数以亿计的智能终端，不断地采集海量的数据，通过网络输送至后台，借助强大的服务器对数据和信息进行分析，那么如果后台数据的处理速度和准确度无法跟上终端数据的采集速度，后果将会是灾难性的，波及范围将从小到家用电器之间不能互相通信，大到危及生命——心脏起搏器失灵或上百辆车连环相撞。
In the absence of artificial intelligence, it is envisaged that the network will be a hundreds of millions of smart terminals that will continuously collect large amounts of data, transport them through the network to the backstage, and analyse data and information with powerful servers. If the processing speed and accuracy of the backstage data cannot keep pace with the collection of the terminal data, the consequences will be catastrophic, ranging from small to non-communication between domestic appliances, to life-threatening — heart pacemaker failure or a collision of hundreds of vehicles.
③ 物联网+AR
3 andnbsp; body network+AR
将AR技术融入到物联网中,可以使信息的呈现及交互方式更加的便利、直观，交互界面更加友好。我们就能随时随地直观方便快捷地查看物体对象的运行状态、性能和各项重要参数。感知的数据可通过物联网反馈到后台,通过数据挖掘，可以让产品不断地优化和完善，为客户带来更好的体验。目前，已经有了如下应用：
The integration of AR technology into the network makes the presentation and interaction of information easier, more intuitive, and more user-friendly. We can view objects at any time and at any time with a quick view of their state of operation, performance, and key parameters. Perceptible data can be fed backstage through the network, allowing products to be continuously optimized and refined through the excavation of the data, leading to better experiences for the client. The following applications are already available:
●飞机的制造和维修：众所周知，飞机中有巨量复杂的电子线路及元件，如果不用AR技术，工程师需要对照功能手册进行一个个处理,这耗费了工程师大量精力和时间，效率低且严重耽误工期，据报道，波音公司自从使用Google眼镜后,效率提升了25%，出错率降低了50%。
• Aircraft manufacturing and maintenance: It is well known that there is a huge amount of sophisticated electronic circuits and components in the aircraft and that, without AR technology, engineers need to process one each against the functional manual, which consumes a great deal of effort and time on the part of engineers, which is inefficient and seriously delayed. Boeing is reported to have increased its efficiency by 25 per cent since the use of Google glasses and a 50 per cent reduction in the error rate.
●非现场远程操作功能：针对一些危险、人不在现场或不适合人类现场操作的环境，实现安全的远程操作，如核电站海底、外星球等。通过物联网采集现场数据参数，并传到中央控制中心，中央控制中心结合现场影像和数据并进行AR 3D呈现，机器人、工程师可以完成远程交互、监测、操作控制。
● In situ remote operation function: achieves safe remote operation for some hazardous, off-site or unsuited environments for human operations on the ground, such as the bottom of a nuclear power station, off-plane, etc. The field data parameters are collected through a network of objects and passed to the central control centre, which combines on-site images and data with AR 3D displays, and robots, engineers, can perform long-range interactive, monitoring, and operational controls.
●机械设备的监测和诊断：AR设备可以帮助工程师在机械车间内看到设备的各项参数。如中海油公司的AR设备巡检方案,在巡检过程中,操作人员可根据AR眼镜的指示,规范化完成巡检工作。同时，AR眼镜将数据可视化后,通过与其他联网设备互联,操作人员将第一时间了解设备运行情况，提高巡检效率。
● Monitoring and diagnosis of mechanical equipment: AR equipment can help engineers to see the parameters of the equipment in a mechanical workshop. For example, China Sea Oil Company’s AR equipment inspection programme, during which operators can standardize the inspection on the instructions of AR glasses.
●智慧城市基础设施维护：城市里面大多数的基础设施位于室外并且难以进入该区域，AR可以为公安机关对城市的L监督提供便利，为政府部门对水电暖等市政设施的监控提供便利，从实时数据可视化中定位故障点，轻松地记录基础设施的状态。
• Smart urban infrastructure maintenance: Most of the infrastructure in the city is outdoor and difficult to access in the region. AR can facilitate the monitoring of the city's L by public security authorities, the monitoring of municipal facilities, such as electricity and water heating, the locating of failure points from real-time data visualization and the easy recording of the state of the infrastructure.
当今时代已经处于网络通信技术不断增强的阶段，全球物联网应用增长态势明显。5G为物联网注入了新的活力,连接场景也由比特连接向数据连接转变。物联网新型基础设施正在成为数字城市、数字产业的基础底座。人们迎来了“物联感知时代”，物联网设备为我们的生活带来了极大便利，它赋予万物“灵性”，教会机器懂得人文关怀，把一个冰冷的物质世界变得更像一个充满温情和腔调的生命体。过去只有在科幻电影中才能看到的智能家居、智能医疗、虚拟现实、无人驾驶汽车都以体验互动的方式，会陆陆续续地走进我们的生活。未来已经到来，我们拭目以待。
Now that we are in an era of growing cybercommunication technology, the growth of global applications of object networking is evident. 5G has injected new dynamism into the network, and the connection scene has been transformed from bit to data connectivity. New infrastructure for the network is becoming the base of digital cities and digital industries.
最后，引用一句《智能主义》一书的作者周鸿祎的描述，“到了智能时代，我们所有能看到的、能想象到的各种各样的硬件，无论是汽车、家居，还是可穿戴设....都将实现智能化以及与网络的实时连接。”
Finally, to quote the author of the book Smartism, Zhou Hongjing, “In the age of intelligence, all the hardware that we can see and imagine, be it automobiles, homes, or wearables... will be intelligent and connected to the network in real time”.
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