2018年是区块链行业发展的转折之年，一年内区块链走上神坛又走下神坛。走下神坛的区块链，让脚踏实地搞技术与商业应用的从业者对行业发展更加充满信心。回顾2018年，我们从技术进步、应用落地、政策环境等三个主要维度筛选出我们认为对行业发展具有里程碑意义的十大事件，希望可以为从业者与研究者有所启发。
The year 2018 was a turning point in the development of the sector of the block chain, where the chain of blocks went up to the altar and down to the altar in one year. The chain of blocks led to greater confidence in the development of the industry among practitioners who were engaged in technology and business applications. Looking back at the decade of 2018, we screened 10 events that we considered to be landmark for the development of the industry, hoping that they could inspire practitioners and researchers.
1
零知识证明技术入选
Zero Knowledge Evidence Technology Selected
MIT2018年“十大突破性技术”
MIT 2018 "Ten Breakthrough Technologies"
入选名称为：完美的在线隐私（Perfect Online Privacy），即新兴加密协议-零知识证明（Zero Knowledge Proof）技术。该技术支持在不透露非必要信息的前提下完成交易验证，从而避免隐私泄漏或身份被盗的风险。
The selected name is: Perfect Online Privacy, a new encryption protocol - Zero Knowledge Proof technology. The technical support completes the transaction certification without disclosing non-necessary information, thus avoiding the risk of privacy leaking or identity theft.
图1 零知识证明示意图
Figure 1 A map showing zero knowledge
图片来源：Argon Group，Medium
Photo by Argon Group, Medium
评论：零知识证明是区块链的衍生技术，摩根大通已经在其基于区块链的支付系统中加入了零知识证明加密技术。此次该技术的入选，一方面显示区块链在整体经济、社会体系中扮演的角色将越来越重要，另一方面也凸显了关于区块链技术的讨论已脱离单纯加密货币的发行和新兴商业模式的初期狂热阶段，进入了更强调让区块链技术生态环境可持续发展的关键性技术阶段，其中安全隐私就是重点所在，这攸关未来区块链技术能否真正成为价值互联网的发展基础。
2
区块链电子发票在深圳开出
An electronic invoice for the block chain was issued in Shenzhen
政务管理开启区块链时代
2018年8月，腾讯技术支持下的区块链电子发票在深圳国贸旋转餐厅开出。同期，宝安区体育中心停车场、凯鑫汽车贸易有限公司（坪山汽修场）、Image腾讯印象咖啡店等也成为首批试点商户，支持开具区块链电子发票。
In August 2018, the block chain electronic invoice was issued at the Shenzhen National Rotation Restaurant, with technical support. During the same period, the parking lot of the Poan District Sports Centre, the Camino Motor Trading Co. Ltd. (Pansan Mob Building) and the Image Intense Coffee Shop were among the first pilot businesses to support the electronic invoice of the block chain.
图2 深圳首张区块链电子发票
图片来源：腾讯、智税创新实验室
Photo source: Tsing, Intelligence Tax Innovation Laboratory
评论：商户可以在区块链上实现发票申领、开具、查验、入账，消费者可以实现链上储存、流转、报销，而税务监管方则可以实现全流程透明监管。尽管被多个媒体宣传为“全国首张”区块链电子发票，而实际上，6月份电子发票区块链平台“税链”已在广州上线，广州燃气集团有限公司已低调开出“上链”发票。2018年，区块链在政府审计、数字身份、数据共享、涉公监管、电子票据、电子存证、出口监管等众多政务、公共服务领域都有突破性进展。
3
蚂蚁金服推出基于区块链技术的
, based on block chain technology
跨境汇款服务，再次强调“无币区块链”
Cross-border remittance services, re-emphasizing the “coinless block chain”
2018年6月25日，蚂蚁金服宣布全球首个基于区块链的电子钱包跨境汇款服务在香港上线。在现场，在港工作22年的菲律宾人Grace使用蚂蚁金服的新功能，仅用了3秒就完成了汇款，这在以前需要10分钟到几天的时间。
On June 25, 2018, an ant gold dress announced that the world’s first block-based electronic wallet money transfer service was online in Hong Kong. On the spot, Grace, a Filipino working for 22 years in Hong Kong, used the new functionality of ant gold jacket to complete the transfer in only three seconds, which would have taken 10 minutes to a few days before.
图3 蚂蚁金服区块链跨境汇款服务发布会现场
Figure 3
图片来源：每日区块链
Image from Daily Block Chain
评论：Circle是以比特币为通道搭建的跨境汇款链路，存在效率瓶颈，Ripple使用了智能合约，但仅限于B端小规模使用。而蚂蚁金服区块链跨境汇款是面向C端用户的，架构为联盟链，在跨境汇款全链路使用区块链，由渣打银行负责日终的资金清算以及外汇兑换，菲律宾电子钱包GCash用户在到账后能即刻消费。除了跨境业务，2018年，以商业银行为先锋的金融机构在信用证、福费廷、承兑汇票、特殊资金发放、资产证券化等众多方面也做出了十分有益的探索。
Review: Circle is an efficiency bottle that is built through Bitcoin, and Ripple uses smart contracts, but only small-scale use at the end of B. In addition to cross-border remittances, which are directed at end-C users, are structured as a union chain, use block chains across the entire chain of cross-border remittances, use end-of-the-day liquidations and foreign exchange swaps by slag banks, and the Philippines' electronic wallet GCash users can consume immediately upon arrival. In 2018, in addition to cross-border operations, commercial bank-led financial institutions made very useful explorations in many areas, such as letters of credit, Forfetin, cash orders, special funds issuance, and asset securitization.
4
科技巨头先后推出BaaS平台
.
抢滩区块链企业级服务
Breakout Block Chain Enterprise Level Service
2017与2018两年时间，包括BATJ、华为等国内科技公司以及微软、亚马逊、IBM、甲骨文、SAP等国际科技公司在内近20家科技巨头完成BaaS（Blockchain as a Service）布局，旨在帮助金融、保险、零售、医疗、公益等各行业的企业快速接入区块链服务。
During the two-year period from 2017 to 2018, nearly 20 technology giants, including national technology companies such as BATJ, Huayung, and international technology companies such as Microsoft, Amazon, IBM, Oracle and SAP, completed the layout of the Baas (Blockchain as a Service) with the aim of helping businesses in the financial, insurance, retail, medical and public goods sectors to quickly access the chain of services.
图4 百度BaaS官网
Figure 4 100-degree BaaS Network
图片来源：百度BaaS官网
Source: 100-degree BaaS official network
评论：巨头布局企业级服务除了抢占当前的市场份额，更大的棋局在于未来的区块链标准之争，就像今天的操作系统市场一样，最终可能形成垄断。群雄逐鹿时代，腾讯BaaS深耕分布式账簿、交易共识、数据防篡改等关键技术，强化了权限管理、安全控制、隐私保护、监督管理等关键能力，凭借其在市场应用、产品落地、生态支持，以及安全、附加服务等方面的出色表现，腾讯BaaS在中国区块链市场上保持着行业领先地位。
Review: In addition to winning the current market share, the larger game of business-level services lies in a competition for future block-chain standards, which, like today’s operating system market, may eventually lead to monopolization. During the deer-by-deer era, Key Technologies such as BaaS' deep-deep distribution books, trading consensus, data manipulation, etc., have strengthened critical competencies such as authority management, security control, privacy protection, supervision, etc., and, thanks to their excellent performance in market applications, product landings, ecological support, and security and additional services, BataS has maintained a leading position in the Chinese segment chain market.
5
从白酒、农产品到钻戒、疫苗
from white wine, agricultural products to diamond rings, vaccines
/strang>
区块链溯源防伪只是看起来很美好
2018年3月，蚂蚁金服表示，将向茅台提供区块链正品防伪溯源服务系统。同月，北大荒表示，第一批区块链认证大米已在京东商城预售。7月，上市公司紫云股份发布基于区块链技术的疫苗溯源防伪平台。 In March 2018, the ant gold suit indicated that it would provide a block-chained orthopaedic back-up service to the huts. In the same month, Kitano indicated that the first block-chain certifications for rice had been pre-sold in the merchant city of Gyeongdong. 图5紫云追溯平台网页版 图片来源：紫云追溯平台官网 Image from the official network of the Purple Cloud Retrospective Platform 评论：区块链在溯源防伪领域应用的两大瓶颈分别是源头造假与线上线下对应。如果这两方面问题不能有效解决，区块链在溯源防伪领域的应用几乎可以说是伪命题。只有通过综合利用物联网、AI等现有及新兴技术解决好上述两个瓶颈，再辅以区块链在电子记录流转环节防篡改的能力，溯源防伪才会有实质进步。蚂蚁金服与茅台的合作正是这样的思路，将蚂蚁金服的区块链正品防伪溯源服务系统与茅台自身线下物理防伪技术结合，真正实现可信的溯源服务。
6
四大汽车制造商加入移动开放区块链计划
为区块链+汽车打开巨大想象空间
opens vast imagination for block chains and cars
2018上半年，宝马，福特，通用和雷诺四大汽车制造商宣布加入移动开放区块链计划（Mobility Open Blockchain Initiative，MOBI），专注于探索区块链技术在汽车和移动领域的应用潜力。7月，法拉第未来宣布加入MOBI。
In the first half of 2018, BMW, Ford, General and Renault four car manufacturers announced their participation in the Mobile Open Zone Chain (Mobility Open Blockchain Infrastructure, MOBI), focusing on exploring the potential applications of block chain technology in the area of motor vehicles and mobility. In July, Faraday announced his future accession to MOBI.
图6区块链在汽车细分领域综合应用前景评分
Figure 6 Block Chain Integrated Application Outlook Ratings in Automobile Disparities
数据来源：华夏幸福产业研究院。评价指标包括项目参与方数量、项目线上化程度、项目数据结构化程度等九个维度，评价专家来自研究院内部汽车领域专家及北汽、一汽、上汽等外部专家。
Data source: HAPI. The evaluation indicators include nine dimensions of the number of project participants, the degree of project upgradation, and the structural nature of the project data, with evaluation experts drawn from experts in the area of motors within the Institute and external experts such as North Gas, First Gas, Upper Gas, etc.
评论：车企区块链应用的探索远不止成立联盟。2018年，首汽集团旗下共享汽车平台GoFun宣布将借助区块链实现用户数据、车辆数据、行车数据等的多节点信任，并在GoFun出行4.0版本融入了区块链技术。保时捷宣布将区块链引入到车辆配套的应用中，可使得汽车数据更安全，开关车门所需时间提高了6倍，并计划未来将在充电、停车自动驾驶等领域继续探索区块链应用。奔驰则推出MobiCoin计划，根据驾驶行为记录，获得可以在特定场景消费的MobiCoins。通过对产业研究院内外专家的调研以及当前现有案例的梳理，发现（1）区块链+汽车大势不可逆，未来更多汽车行业参与方会进行区块链+探索。（2）综合来看，汽车金融、汽车大数据和共享出行是最有应用前景的汽车细分领域。
7
比特大陆巨额Pre-IPO轮融资
Big Pre-IPO Round Financing for Bit Continent
2018年7月，比特大陆完成Pre-IPO轮10亿美元融资，估值150亿美元。投资者包括腾讯、软银和中金资本。同时，比特大陆于2018年9月在港交所披露招股说明书，正式启动赴港IPO计划。根据招股说明书，此次IPO所募集资金将部分用于高科技AI芯片及AI应用的研发及扩大生产。
In July 2018, the Pre-IPO round of $1 billion financing was completed in Bitland, valued at $15 billion. Investors included tweets, silver and silver, and Chinese gold capital. Meanwhile, Bitcontinent officially launched the Hong Kong IPO program in September 2018, when shares were disclosed in Hong Kong.
图7比特大陆商业模式
图片来源: 比特大陆招股说明书
Photo source: Bitcontinental Exchange Note
评论：比特大陆的此次融资和IPO引起行业的普遍关注，其有望成为区块链产业第一股。在加密货币走低的背景下，矿机业务难以支撑早前的高估值，比特大陆开始向AI芯片方向拓展。但AI芯片的复杂度较矿机芯片高很多，对于比特大陆并非易事。与矿机业务的低迷不同，其他领域的区块链创业依然活跃。据统计，2018年国内区块链产业共发生融资354件，较2017年增加3.3倍，融资252.1亿元，较2017年增加1.8倍。其中企业服务领域的融资占50.6%，金融和文娱传媒以26.3%和12.7%的比例占据第二和第三。
Comment: This financing and IPO in the 8
比特币价格暴跌
2018年11月14日至12月14日的一个月内，比特币兑美元价格跌幅50%，较年初高点跌幅81%。比特币的大幅下跌，也引发了全球几乎每一种加密货币的激烈抛售。此次加密货币集体暴跌可能诱因有三方面：监管机构对ICO审查收紧，比特币节点升级分歧导致的硬分叉事件，OKEx加密货币交易系统的“限价漏洞”。
In a month from 14 November to 14 December 2018, the price of Bitcoin fell 50% against the United States dollar and 81% higher than at the beginning of the year. The sharp fall of Bitcoin also triggered a sharp worldwide sale of almost every type of encrypted currency.
图8 比特币兑美元价格曲线（2018.08-2019.01）
Figure 8 Bitcoin price curve to United States dollar (2018.08-2019.01)
图片来源：TradingView
Image by TradingView.
评论：此次加密货币的集体失控，反映了加密货币体系的不成熟和高风险，加密货币的降温也给监管机构提供了更充裕的时间制定合理、公平的监管法规、法律，这是全球范围内都存在的问题。同时，加密货币的降温也有利于区块链产业的发展，促进区块链与其他产业的融合。我国在2017年9月开始全面禁止加密货币的发行和流通，既维护了广大投资者的利益，也为我国区块链产业发展指明了方向，即大力发展区块链技术与智能制造、物联网、AI等各个产业的融合。
9
长沙首个区块链产业园落地
the first sandy block chain industrial park landed
2018年8月26日，长沙经开区、长沙县主办“链”上星沙，领航未来——区块链院士高峰论坛暨星沙区块链产业园项目签约仪式，10家区块链企业正式入驻星沙区块链产业园。同时，出台《关于支持区块链业发展的政策(试行)》，从教育、平台、创新、金融、人才等方面给予区块链产业大力支持。
On August 26, 2018, Shayaka District and Changsha County hosted the “Links” upsands, leading the way to the future — a signing ceremony for the Qingsha Blocks Summit Forum and the Xingsa Block Chain Industrial Park project, in which 10 block-link companies were officially admitted to the Qing Sha Block Chain Industrial Park. In the meantime, the Policy on Supporting the Development of Blocks Chains (A trial) was introduced, giving strong support to the sector-chain industry in terms of education, platforms, innovation, finance, and talent.
图9 星沙区块链产业园项目签约仪式
Figure 9 Signing ceremony for the Starsand Block Chain Industrial Park Project
图片来源：FinTech News
Image by FinTech News
评论：在国家重视区块链技术的大背景下，各地方政府加大了对区块链发展的扶持力度，积极鼓励、探索区块链技术的应用落地。目前有包括北京、上海、广东、江苏、山东、贵州等超过20个省市或地区发布了区块链政策及指导意见，多个省份将区块链列入本省“十三五”战略发展规划，开展对区块链产业链布局。从公开信息看，目前我国有上海、浙江、湖北等10个省市共形成18个区块链产业园区。其中大部分是由政府运营或主导，只有上海协同创新中心和武汉区块链产业园完全由企业自主运营。这些园区都在平台、金融、人才等方面给予区块链产业大力支持。
10
浙江大学首设“区块链”课程
浙江大学于2018年秋季学期面向部分高年级本科生和研究生，设置一门名为《区块链与数字资产》的课程。课程是“金融科技”方向的模块课程，教材是由浙大教师编写、出版的《区块链技术进阶与实战》。
In the autumn of 2018, Zhejiang University set up a course called Block Chains and Digital Assets for some senior undergraduate and graduate students.
图10 浙江大学编写的《区块链技术进阶与实战》
See Zhejiang University, “Technology Advances in Block Chains and Practical Battles”
图片来源：图灵社区
Image by Turing Community
评论：区块链技术逐渐成熟与产业应用逐步深入，加剧了区块链人才的紧缺和人才培养的紧迫性。今年6月拉勾网发布的《2018中国区块链人才现状白皮书》显示，专业区快链人才的供需比仅为0.15:1。巨大的人才缺口与快速发展的行业形成鲜明的不平衡，这促使众多高校编制区块链教材，并开始在本科阶段引入区块链课程。据统计，目前国内有浙江大学、清华大学、复旦大学等11所高校开设了区块链相关课程。另据链塔智库报告，中国目前由高校及科研机构、企业、政府创办的区块链研究院（中心、实验室）有62家。但是，在师资匹配、课程设置、培养体系等方面仍需深入探索。
来源：华夏幸福产业研究院
Source: Happily Industrial Research Institute of Huaxia.
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