下面讲解区块的具体规则。

第一个区块当然是由区块链的发明人中本聪亲自创建的，那是北京时间2009年1月4日，在芬兰赫尔辛基的一台小型服务器上，第一个区块诞生了，这也被称作“创世区块”（genesis block）。在这个区块上，包含的主要信息是：

The first block was created, of course, by Ben-Sung, the inventor of the block chain. On 4 January 2009, Beijing time, the first block was born on a small server in Helsinki, Finland, also known as the Genesis Block.

区块高度：0

Block height: 0

The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brinkof second bailout for banks

（译文：《泰晤士报》2009年1月3日头版文章标题：财政大臣面临第二次为银行提供紧急救助的窘境）

(translation: The Times, headline article of 3 January 2009: The Minister of Finance faces the second emergency relief for banks)

“某账号”获得50比特币奖励

"Some account" gets 50 bits in reward

中间那段话是中本聪刻在第一个区块上的纪念，从第二个区块开始，以后每个区块就必须严格按照比特币系统的规则来创建了。区块的规则有（至少包含以下信息）：

The middle phrase is a memorial to the first block, starting with the second block, where each block must be created in strict compliance with the rules of the Bitcoin system. The rules for the block include (at least) the following information:

区块链的一个奥妙之处在于尾巴上加的这个随机数（nonce），因为它实在太奥妙，让我等凡夫俗子只能大呼过瘾，所以后面我就把它称为“奥数”，以方便讲解。

中本聪规定：这个新区块的数字指纹（一个256位的二进制数）的前72位必须全部为0。

The Chinese hearing rule is that the first 72 digital fingerprints of this new block (a 256-digit binary number) must be all zero.

回忆一下我们前面介绍过的数字指纹的知识。因为SHA算出来的指纹是毫无规律可循的一组数字，所以，想要满足中本聪的这个变态规定，唯一的办法就只能凭运气凑奥数，从0开始不断地去尝试，直到满足要求为止。这是一个纯粹的概率问题。我们来算一下要满足这个要求的概率是多大。

Recall the knowledge of digital fingerprints that we have described earlier. Because the fingerprints calculated by the SHA are an irregular set of numbers, the only way to satisfy this sick rule is to try it on the basis of luck, starting from zero until it meets the requirements. It's a matter of pure probability. Let's figure out what the probability of meeting that requirement is.

因为二进制数，每一位只有两种可能性，0或者1，所以，凑出一个奥数的可能性是2的72次方分之一，也就是：

Because there are only two possibilities for each binary number, zero or one, the possibility of a single number is one in 72 of two, namely:

1/4722366482869645213696

这个数字已经长到看花眼了吧，它大约就是4.7万亿亿分之一。换句话说，就是平均要进行4.7万亿亿次SHA计算，才可能得到一个奥数，可见每一个奥数的金贵。

That's about one-quarter of a quarter of a billion. In other words, it takes an average of 4.7 trillion times for a number to be reached, which can be seen as the gold of every number.

最巧妙的是，奥数并不是某一个方程的解，解出一个少一个，因为每一个区块的字符串都不同，所以，每一次寻找奥数都需要从0开始，任何一个数字都有可能成为新的奥数，完全没有规律可循。

The most subtle thing is that the number is not the solution of a particular equation and that one less is solved because each block has a different string, so that every search for the number of the number starts at zero, and any number can become a new number, totally irregular.

一旦成功找到一个奥数，就获得了一次记账权力，可以给账本上新增加一个区块。那么，为什么要花时间找奥数，去给账本记账呢？因为好处实在太大了。

Once a number is found, you get the power to book a new block on the book. So, why take the time to find the number and get the book to account for it? Because the benefits are too great.

比特币系统规定，每成功增加一个区块，这台记账的电脑（实际上是某个账号）就能获得12.5个比特币的奖励（截止到本文写作时的奖金额），以及这个区块中所有交易的手续费，总额取决于交易频繁程度（平均约2比特币）。这样一来，相当于每找到一个奥数，可以获得14.5比特币奖励，按照本文写作时的比特币市场价，相当于12万美元。这么丰厚的奖励，自然就会吸引大量的电脑去抢夺记账权。

The Bitcoin system provides that, for each successful addition of a block, the billing computer (which is actually an account number) will receive 12.5 bitcoins of rewards (the amount of awards up to the time of writing), as well as fees for all transactions in this block, depending on the frequency of transactions (an average of about 2 bitcoins on average). In this way, the equivalent of 14.5 bitcoins of incentives will be available for every number of votes found, and the price of the bitcoins at the time of writing is US$ 120,000. Such a rich reward will naturally attract a large number of computers to seize the right to account.

寻找奥数就是抢记账权，抢记账权也就是挖比特币。

The search for the number is for the right to account, and the right to account is for bitcoin.

因此，寻找奥数也被形象地称为“挖矿”。挖矿的电脑就叫“矿机”，一个装满矿机的房间当然就可以叫“矿场”了，矿场的主人就是“矿主”，他们是比特币江湖中的弄潮儿。

So the search for the number is also visualized as “mining”. The mining computer is called a miner. A room filled with a miner can certainly be called a miner. The mine owner is a miner, and they are tidal in the Lake Bitcoin.

但是，我需要给你解释一下挖矿的难度，让你打消去挖矿的冲动。个人电脑的运算速度大约是每秒可以进行60万次SHA计算，也就意味着，一台个人电脑平均需要花一千万年才有可能凑出一个奥数。当然，这是一种概率计算，我不能从理论上排除某人的人品超新星爆发，只算一次奥数就中了4.7万亿亿分之一概率的奖。但我还是想劝你不要相信自己有那个命。

But I need to explain to you how difficult it is to dig. Personal computers run about 600,000 times a second, which means that it takes 10 million years on average for a personal computer to come up with an oscillation. Of course, it's a probability that I can't theoretically exclude someone from a supernova explosion, and it's a one-in-a-one-in-a-one-in-one prize of 4.7 trillion billion. But I'm still trying to persuade you not to believe that you have that life.

给你看看人家专业的矿场是怎样的：

Let me show you what a professional mine is like:

大规模的矿场据说有几万甚至几十万台矿机同时运行。我在《看看新闻》2017年6月17日的一则新闻中看到，记者采访了一个位于中国四川的矿场，根据报道，这个矿场有5000多台矿机，属于小规模，平均每天耗电超过20万度，当地的电价是每度3毛，一天光是电费就6万多元，平均每天可以挖出大约50个比特币，一年左右回本，之后能做到20%左右的利润。

不过我觉得这个报道中的数据前后矛盾，便查了一下，当时比特币的市场价是大约每个2500美元，美元兑人民币的汇率大约是6.8，所以，每天的收入大约是85万人民币，一年的收入大约3.1亿元，一台矿机的成本均价在一万到两万元，矿场的矿机总成本是5000万到1亿元，即使算上电费等，一年起码有两亿的利润。

However, I find the data in this report to be contradictory and look at the market price of Bitcoin at about $2,500 each and the exchange rate of the dollar against the renminbi at about 6.8, so the income is about 850,000 yuan a day, about $310 million a year, the cost of a mine machine is between $10,000 and $20,000, and the total cost of a miner is between $50 million and $100 million, even if the cost of electricity, etc., is at least $200 million a year.

在充分的市场竞争下，出现这种暴利的可能性很低。所以，不是记者搞错了，就是被采访对象吹牛不打草稿。由于比特币的价格和全网算力的波动很大，所以投资比特币矿场很难做长期预测，不确定因素太多。

So, either the journalist made a mistake or the interviewer bragging about the draft. Because of the volatility of Bitcoin’s prices and full-network computing, investing in Bitcoin mines is difficult to predict over the long term, and there are too many uncertainties.

根据我们前面掌握的比特币知识，50个比特币，相当于找到了4个奥数，抢到了4次记账权。目前，整个比特币网络的所有矿机，加起来的总算力能达到的水平，大约平均每10分钟可以找到一个奥数，也就意味着平均每10分钟生成一个新的区块。当然，这个10分钟是平均数，快一点的话三四分钟生成一个区块，慢一点的话15分钟左右。

According to the bitcoin knowledge we have before, 50 bitcoins, equivalent to four numerals, have been found, and four counts have been seized. At present, all of the machines of the entire bitcoin network, combined with the total capacity, can be found at an average of about 10 minutes, which means that a new block can be created at an average of 10 minutes. Of course, this 10 minute is an average. Three or four minutes faster, generating a block at a slower rate of about 15 minutes.

正因为奥数太难找，每个区块平均要10分钟才能生成一个，所以就能基本解决本节开头提出的第一个问题“如何同步账本”，只要有个三四分钟的时间，足以让所有在线的电脑同步到这个区块了，那些不在线的电脑或者第一次运行客户端的电脑，上线以后必须先做一件事情，就是从相邻的节点上获取最新的账本。

Just because the number is too hard to find, each block takes an average of 10 minutes to generate one, so it basically solves the first question raised at the beginning of this section, “How to synchronize books”, with only three or four minutes to synchronize all online computers to this block, and those unconnected computers or those that run their client for the first time have to do one thing on the line, which is to get an up-to-date account book from a neighbouring node.

请注意，我用了“基本解决”这个词，也就意味着，并没有完全解决“账本同步”的问题。这是因为总会有极小的概率两台矿机恰好同时（只要在网络上所有在线的节点没有完成区块链同步之前都可以算同时）找到奥数，也就意味着同时抢到了记账权。因为矿机实在太多了，这样的小概率事件时不时也会发生一次，同时抢到记账权的矿机都能将自己生成的新区块广播到比特币网络中。

Note that I use the word “fundamental resolution” to mean that the problem of “book synchronization” is not entirely solved. This is because there is always a very small probability that the two miners will be able to find the number simultaneously (as long as all online nodes on the web do not complete the synchronization of the block chain) and at the same time the right to account is seized. Because there are too many machines, and such a small probability event will happen every once in a while, and a mine that has the right to account will be able to broadcast the new blocks that it has created into the Bitcoin network.

遇到这种情况，比特币系统怎么处理呢？

What about the bitcoin system?

在这种情况下，相当于网络上的其他节点收到了两个合法的新区块，因为网络节点的地域分布不同，所以，不同的节点收到这两个新区块的先后次序就会不同。此时，所有的节点会暂时保留两个新区块，并且把区块链做一个临时的分叉，如下图所示：

In this case, the other nodes equivalent to the network receive two new legal blocks, because the geographical distribution of the network nodes makes the order of receipt of the two new blocks different. At this point, all nodes will retain two new blocks for the time being and make a temporary segmentation of the block chain, as shown in the figure below:

接下来，比特币网络中必然又会有其中一个节点（矿机）抢到了记账权，这时该节点就会将生成的最新区块接到其中的一个分支上，那到底是接到新区块1，还是新区块2上呢？系统规则是：这个节点先收到哪个区块，就接到哪个区块上，同时放弃另一个区块，然后全网广播，如下图所示：

比特币网络上的所有节点在收到最新的区块链后，只要发现其中一个分支比另外一个分支多两个区块了，就立即也放弃那个短的分支。总之，比特币网络永远只承认更长的那条分支。

你可能会想，那如果小概率事件再次发生，在区块链第一次分叉后，又是同时产生了两个新区块，而恰好两个新区块产生在两个不同的分支上，这时候，其他节点收到的区块链还是两个一样长的分支，那怎么办？很好办，还是同样的规则，只要分支一样长就暂时保留，直到出现两个分支不一样长时，就放弃短于两个区块的，保留长的。那个被放弃的分支中所有交易和比特币奖励都会被判定为无效。

You might wonder, if a small probability event happens again, and two new blocks have been created at the same time after the first break of the block chain, and when two new blocks have been created on two different branches, what happens when the other nodes receive a chain of blocks of the same length? Good, or the same rule, as long as the branch is as long as the branch is, is temporarily retained, until two branches appear for a different period, and the longer part is abandoned. All transactions and the bitcoin reward in the abandoned branch will be deemed null and void.

因为有了这个临时分叉的规则，所以，比特币玩家在完成一笔交易后，不能立即认为这笔交易是成功的，有可能会被取消，必须等到一定数量的新区块生成后，如果交易依然没有被取消，这才能放心地认为交易成功了。那到底要等到多少个新区块产生才能放心呢？

Because of this temporary fork rule, a bitcoin player, once a deal has been completed, cannot be considered successful, may be cancelled, and must wait until a certain number of new blocks have been created, if the transaction has not yet been cancelled, to feel confident that the deal has succeeded. How many new blocks have to be created before it can be reassured?

按照概率来说的话，小额交易有三个新区块产生就够了，但是大额交易的话，为了更保险，一般认为等到六个新区块产生，就足以放心了。前面说过，每个区块产生的平均时间是10分钟，也就意味着，一笔大额交易需要一个小时左右才能确认交易成功。

In probability, three new blocks are sufficient for small transactions, but in order to be more secure, it is generally considered reassuring to wait until six new blocks are created. As stated earlier, the average time for each block is 10 minutes, which means that a large transaction takes about an hour to confirm the success of the transaction.

但是小额交易确认的时间往往会更长，甚至长达好几天。听到这个你可能会有点儿糊涂，刚才不是还说小额交易一般只要三个新区块产生就够了吗？怎么确认时间反而会更长呢？比特币网络刚刚诞生的头几年，确实不会出现这样的怪事，但是这几年随着交易量的猛增，就会出现这种怪事了。为什么？先回忆一下每个区块的规则：

But small transactions tend to take longer, even longer days. You may be confused to hear this. Didn't you just say that small transactions usually take only three new blocks to produce?

你的交易记录要被写到区块链上，有一个前提：矿工将你的这笔交易记录打包到这个区块上。你可能想问：为什么会不打包？难道系统规则还允许不打包吗？打包成功了不是还要给矿工交税吗？矿工好不容易抢到一次记账权，怎么会有钱不赚呢？

是的，允许不打包。原因不是矿工不想赚钱，而是“不可抗力”，关键问题是每一个区块允许存储的数据量有限。中本聪当初设计比特币系统时，规定了每一个区块最大只能是1MB，一条交易记录大概是0.25KB，那么一个区块最多可以储存4000多条交易记录，如果在一个新区块产生的时段中，发生的交易请求超过4000条，那就肯定存不下了。

Yes, no packing is allowed. The reason is not that the miners do not want to make money, but “force majeure.” The key issue is the limited amount of data that each block is allowed to store. At the time of the design of the Bitcoin system, it was specified that each block should have a maximum of 1 MB and a transaction record of about 0.25 KB, so that a block could store more than 4,000 transaction records, and if more than 4,000 transaction requests were made during the creation of a new block, there would certainly be no savings.

我们可以算算，这个量大概是一个怎样的交易频率，每个区块的平均产生时间是10分钟，也就意味着，平均每秒钟的交易量如果超过7条，那么就一定会出现排队等待打包的交易记录了。这个交易频率实在很低，要知道支付宝一秒钟大约要处理上万笔交易。这一秒钟七笔交易对于全球来说，实在是太不够用了。

We can calculate that this amount is probably a transaction frequency, with each block generating an average of 10 minutes, which means that, if the average number of transactions per second exceeds seven, there must be a record of transactions in queues waiting to be packed. The frequency of the transaction is very low, knowing that the payment of the treasure for one second is about tens of thousands of transactions.

一般来说，大额交易优先打包，小额交易中手续费越高的交易越优先打包，打包规则矿工有一定的自主权。比特币交易手续费的规则比较复杂，不同的矿工收的还不一样，不是三言两语能说清，但有一点可能会让你感到诧异，越是大额的交易反而收费越低，甚至免费。交易额越小反而费率越高。这是因为，交易手续费除了鼓励矿工挖矿，还有一个非常重要的功能，就是防止有人恶意发布大量的小额交易造成信息拥堵。

In general, the larger the transaction, the higher the transaction costs in small transactions, the more the transaction costs in small transactions, the more the packagers have some autonomy. The more complex the rules for bitcoin transactions, the different miners are paid different fees, and it is not clear, but one thing might surprise you that the smaller the transaction, the smaller the transaction costs, the higher the rate.

现在，比特币交易滞留是非常普遍的现象，很多小额交易甚至等上好几天都确认不了，因此，很多人不惜附加很高的交易手续费来让矿工提前替他们打包。

It is now very common for Bitcoin to remain in business, and many small transactions cannot be identified for even a few days, so many people have to attach high transaction fees to allow miners to pack for them in advance.

到这里，有关区块链的核心原理就讲完了，关键要记住，中本聪利用区块链技术，巧妙地解决了账本同步和信息不重复的问题，这就使得去中心化账本的理想最终得以实现。

When we get here, the core principles of the block chain are over, and it is important to remember that the idea of decentralizing the books was finally realized, thanks to the use of block chain technology by Nakamoto and the clever resolution of the question of the synchronization of the books and the non-recording of information.

学习知识，我认为最佳的方式就是带着问题学习，在学习过程中，先掌握知识的主干，如果还有兴趣，再去了解那些枝枝杈杈。以上三节，第一节是让你带上问题，第二、三节就是比特币和区块链知识的主干，如果你消化完毕，可以继续阅读下一节，了解一些枝杈。

I think the best way to learn is to learn with problems, to learn the backbone of the knowledge, and if you're interested, to learn about the branches. The first of these three sections is to bring you the questions, the second and third sections are the backbone of the bitcoin and block chain, and if you digest it, you can continue to read the next section and learn about the branches.

关于比特币的知识点

Knowledge Point on Bitcoin

·如何保证比特币的产出速度大致恒定？

. How do you ensure that bitcoin output is about constant?

比特币的产出速度本质上就是寻找奥数的速度，现在的奥数是要求前72位全部为零，如果把72改为73，那么寻找奥数的难度就立即翻一倍，同理，如果从72减为71，则难度减半。因此，系统只需要根据全网的平均算力来调节奥数的规则就可以很简单地做到。现在的规则是平均每产生2016个新区块后，根据产生这些新区块的平均算力调节一次难度。我们也注意到，这种调节较为粗糙，只能翻倍或者减半。

The speed of Bitcoin’s output is essentially the speed of searching for an ocular number, which is now required to be zero for all of the top 72 and, if changed to 73, the difficulty of finding an oligarchy will be doubled immediately and, similarly, halved if reduced from 72 to 71. Thus, the system would simply need to adjust the oligarchic number to a full web-wide average.

·为何比特币总量上限是2100万枚？

>. Why is the cap of 21 million bitcoins?

这个总量上限是人为规定的。中本聪设计的规则是这样：每增加21万个区块后，币奖励就减半，奖励的初始值是50比特币，所以北京时间2009年1月4日中本聪自己创建的第一个创世区块，就奖励给了自己50比特币。按照平均10分钟一个区块的产出速度，大约是每隔四年会减半一次。

The upper limit of this sum is artificial. The rules for the design of the Chinese Hsing are as follows: for every 210,000 blocks added, the monetary reward is halved, and the initial value of the reward is 50 bits, so the first creation created by Ben Hsien himself on 4 January 2009 was rewarded with 50 bits. At the output rate of an average of 10 minutes per block, it is roughly halved every four years.

第一次减半发生在北京时间2012年11月29日7点24分，第21万个区块诞生，比特币奖励减少为25个。北京时间2016年7月10日凌晨0点46分，第42万个区块诞生，这次相隔时间大约是三年零七个月，比特币奖励再次减半，成为现在的12.5个。

The first half occurred on 29 November 2012 at 7.24 p.m. Beijing time, with 210,000 blocks born, and a reduction of the Bitcoin prize to 25. Beijing time on 10 July 2016, at 0:46 a.m., with 420,000 blocks born, is about three years and seven months apart, and the Bitcoin incentive is again halved to its current level of 12.5.

知道了这个规则，我们就很容易根据当前的区块高度计算出已经挖出的比特币总量，截止到本文写作时，比特币的总量约1687万枚。按照这样的半衰期，大约到2140年，比特币的产量就趋于零，上限是2100万个，实际上不可能达到2100万。比特币允许交易的最小单位是0.00000001（10^(-8)）比特币，这个最小值也被称为“一聪”，这是由脚本语言支持的最小数字精度决定的，因此，比特币的总量上限就是2100万亿聪。

Knowing this rule, it is easy to calculate the amount of bitcoins that have been excavated from the current block height, which, as of the time of writing, is about 16,87 million bitcoins. At this half-life, by 2140, bitcoins would be zero, with a ceiling of 21 million, which is practically impossible to reach 21 million. Bitcoins are allowed to trade with a minimum of 0.000001 (108) bitcoins, which is also called “one hearing”, determined by the smallest digital precision supported by script language, so that bitcoins would be capped at 21 billion.

中本聪为什么要人为规定一个总量上限呢？因为他的理想是创造一种不能滥发的货币，从而在理论上彻底阻断通货恶性膨胀。至于这种理想能不能因为规定了上限而实现，是一个经济学问题，我没有能力多谈，只知道在经济学中，通货膨胀和通货紧缩同样都是可怕的。

Why should Nakamoto set an artificial ceiling? His ideal is to create a currency that is indiscreet, and thus, theoretically, to shut down the hyperbolic inflation. As to whether this ideal can be achieved by imposing a cap, it is an economic question, and I cannot talk more about it, just knowing that inflation and deflation are equally terrible in economics.

你可能马上又想到一个问题：如果不再奖励比特币了，谁还去挖矿呢？别忘了，还有交易手续费的奖励，比特币奖励虽然在不断减少，但是交易手续费的奖励是在不断增加的，还是会有人愿意挖矿。并且，挖矿的难度也是可以动态调整的，总是能调整到一个相对平衡的状态。

You may soon think of another question: Who's going to dig if Bitcoin is no longer rewarded? Don't forget, there is a reward for transaction fees, which are decreasing, but the reward for transaction fees is increasing, and there will be a willingness to dig.

区块链技术的未来前景

Future prospects for

比特币的未来前景不是笔者想要讨论的。我在前文中一再强调，比特币只不过是区块链“去中心化理念”的一个具体应用，有些先天不足，只能说是一个优秀的应用，还谈不上是成功的应用。最终能否成功，实在不好说。

从宏观上来看，目前主要还是投资品属性，承认货币属性的国家仅有澳大利亚和瑞典。

At the macro level, it is still primarily an investment attribute, with only Australia and Sweden as the countries that recognize monetary attributes.

但区块链的未来无疑是光明的，这是下一场互联网理念的革新。区块链技术还可以应用到日常生活的哪些场景呢？我们不妨畅想一下，例如自动驾驶+区块链，可以成为滴滴公司的梦魇。

But the future of the block chain is certainly bright, and this is the next innovation of the Internet concept. What other scenes of everyday life can be applied to block chain technology?

基于区块链技术，开发出一种“智能合约”，这也是区块链技术未来最大的应用前景之一。所谓智能合约就是不需要中间商，就能保证合约可以被自动完成，不怕违约。合约的支付方式是数字货币，合约生效的条件和执行全部智能化。

On the basis of block chain technology, a “smart contract” has been developed, which is one of the greatest applications of block chain technology in the future. Smart contracts do not require intermediaries to guarantee that they can be done automatically and without fear of default.

比如我买一辆车，这辆车从工厂自动开到我家，我用指纹或者刷脸开车，合约自动执行，数字货币支付给汽车厂，这才是真正的“没有中间商挣差价”。有了自动驾驶和智能合约，还需要滴滴打车吗？不需要了，汽车和客户完全可以通过基于区块链技术的软件自动匹配。

For example, I bought a car that drove from the factory to my house, and I used fingerprints or brushed my face to drive, and the contract was executed, and the digital money was paid to the car factory, which was the real "no middleman for the difference." With autopilot and smart contracts, did you need a drop-and-drop car? No, the car and the customer could automatically match up with software based on block chain technology.

未来，区块链技术很可能在人类社会的各个领域扮演举足轻重的角色，以下是《环球科学》2018年2月号提到的应用场景：

In the future, block-chain technology is likely to play a significant role in all areas of human society, as described in Global Science, February 2018:

金融机构：全球银行和投资机构正在研究、推动区块链项目。自从2012年成立以来，处理银行间国际交易的区块链系统瑞波（Ripple）一直发展良好。像Bloom这样的初创公司打算将区块链用于信用报告，希望杜绝类似艾可飞（Equifax，美国征信机构）那样因遭遇黑客入侵而导致数据泄露的事件。

Financial institutions: Global banks and investment institutions are studying and promoting block chain projects. Since its establishment in 2012, Ripple, the block chain system for interbank international transactions, has been well developed.

政府：美国特拉华州和伊利诺斯州用分布式账本发放出生证明，而佛蒙特州的一项法律允许使用区块链技术验证法律文件的真实性。迪拜将区块链整合到多项行政服务中，如发放许可证。2016年，突尼斯开始通过区块链发行一种叫作eDinar的电子法定货币。

Government: The states of Delaware and Illinois in the United States issue birth certificates in distributed books, while a Vermont law allows the use of block chain technology to verify the authenticity of legal documents. Dubai integrates block chains into a number of administrative services, such as licensing. In 2016, Tunisia began issuing an electronic legal currency called eDinar through block chains.

科技创业者：以太坊网络就像是一个为区块链初创公司设立的应用商店，它的目的是支持新的应用程序，不像比特币仅仅是一种电子现金生态系统。现在，有数百个项目和企业在这个网络上运行。其中有个著名的项目叫作WePower，它致力于让住户能够直接互相买卖可再生能源（比如屋顶式太阳能电池板产生的电能）。

Science & Technology Entrepreneurs: The Ethernonet is like an application shop for start-ups in block chains, which is designed to support new applications, unlike Bitcoin, which is just an electronic cash ecosystem. There are now hundreds of projects and businesses operating on this network. One of its famous projects, WePower, is dedicated to enabling households to directly buy and sell renewable energy sources (e.g. electricity generated by solar panels on roofs).

版权所有者与知识产权所有者：英国音乐人伊莫珍·希普（Imogen Heap）创立了Mycelia科技孵化器，追踪与创意作品有关的元数据，省去了iTunes这样的中间商。

Copyright owners and intellectual property owners: British musician Imogen Heap created Mycelia's technology incubator to track metadata related to creative works and save intermediaries like iTunes.

非营利组织和援助组织：点滴捐赠基金会（BitGive Foundation）正在用区块链技术加强慈善捐赠问责。联合国世界粮食计划署正在用区块链技术精简对约旦、叙利亚难民提供援助的追踪和交付过程。

Non-profit and aid organizations: BitGive Foundation is using block chain technology to strengthen the accountability of charitable donations. The World Food Programme is using block chain technology to streamline the tracking and delivery of assistance to refugees in Jordan and Syria.

学术机构：别想着纸质文凭了，区块证书（blockcert）项目希望提高各种学位证书和职业认证的可信度和共享性。

Academic institutions: Forget about paper diplomas, the Block Certificate project aims to improve the credibility and sharing of diplomas and professional certifications.

资产管理公司：总部位于伦敦的区块链公司常青账本（Everledger）瞄准钻石行业，用区块链记录每颗钻石的属性和出处。名酒和艺术品也可以被追踪。

Asset Management Company: Everledger, a London-based block chain, targets the diamond industry and records the properties and origins of each diamond with a block chain.

新闻工作者：为打击假新闻，Civil（去中心化新闻市场）为新闻工作者提供了一个创造不含广告、不可更改的新闻平台，这些新闻不受外部利益（如俄罗斯、脸书）的影响，并且受到读者的支持。

Journalists: To combat false news, Civil (decentralized news market) provides journalists with a platform for creating non-advertising, non-changeable news that is not influenced by external interests (e.g. Russia, Facebook) and is supported by readers.

普通人群：对于向家里寄钱的移民打工者，使用比特币汇款的费用比使用西联汇款要低。正是由于这个原因，现在韩国和菲律宾之间的国际汇款粗略估计有20%依赖于比特币。

General population: For migrant workers who send money to their families, the cost of using bitcoin remittances is lower than the cost of Western Union remittances. It is for this reason that 20% of international remittances between South Korea and the Philippines are now roughly estimated to be dependent on bitcoins.

根据普华永道预测，到2020年，77%的全球金融服务业将采用区块链作为生产系统或流程的一部分。

According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, 77 per cent of global financial services will use block chains as part of production systems or processes by 2020.

根据世界经济论坛2015年的一项调查报告，预计到2025年，世界GDP的10%将会以基于区块链的技术存储。

According to a survey conducted by the World Economic Forum in 2015, 10 per cent of world GDP is expected to be stored in sector-based technologies by 2025.

结语

concluding remarks

1973年，原本隶属于美国军方的计算机网络阿帕网向世界开放，从此，国际互联网诞生，今天，它是人类社会的血管。

Since 1973, when the Apa network, formerly affiliated with the United States military, was opened to the world, the international Internet was born, and today it is the artery of human society.

1991年，第一个网页在欧洲核子研究中心诞生，这是互联网生活的创世时刻，今天，已经很难找到不受它影响的人和单位。

In 1991, the first web page was born at the European Centre for Nuclear Research, the founding moment of Internet life, and today it is difficult to find people and units that are not affected by it.

2008年11月1日，中本聪发表论文《比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统》（Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System），区块链技术（理念）宣告诞生。2008年会不会成为人类历史上与1973年和1991年同样重要的年份，现在还无法下定论，但可能性非常大。

On November 1, 2008, China’s paper, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, was launched. Whether 2008 will become the same year in human history as 1973 and 1991 is not yet conclusive, but very likely.

没有人可以准确地预测未来，谨希望本文能为今天的战略家、企业家、学子们提供一点小小的参考和启发。

No one can predict the future accurately, and it is to be hoped that this paper will provide a little insight and inspiration for today's strategists, entrepreneurs, students and students.

（本文特别感谢冯大辉先生的审校。）

(Special thanks go to Mr. Feng Dae-fui's reviser.

（作者汪诘为科普作家，本文原刊《读库1802》，微信首发于公众号“读库”（ID：dukubook）,澎湃新闻获授权转发。）

(The author is a scientific writer, originally published in Recueil 1802, which was sent to the public under the public number “Read Library” (ID:dukubook) and is authorized to transmit the news.

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