区块链技术及开发8篇

关键词：区块链；应用前景；金融业；发展分析

Keywords: block chains; application prospects; financial industry; development analysis

中图分类号： F831 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 1673-1069（2017）02-167-2

Central Chart Classification Number: F831 Bibliographic ID Code: A Article No: 1673-1069 (2017) 02-167-2

1 区块链的产生及其运行机制

1. Generation of block chains and mechanisms for their operation

区块链起源于比特币。2008年11月1日，中本聪发表了《比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统》一文，比特币由此诞生。2009年1月3日第一个序号为0的比特币区块诞生，6天之后序号为1的区块也随之出现，与序号为0的创世区块相连接形成了链式结构，区块链正式诞生。

On November 1, 2008, Bintco published " Bitcoin: an electronic cash system for point-to-point ", which led to the birth of Bitcoin. On January 3, 2009, the first serial number zero was born, followed by a block number one six days later, which formed a chain structure linked to the creation block number zero, and the chain was officially born.

从本质上看，区块链技术是一种不依赖第三方、通过自身分布式节点进行网络数据的存储、验证、传递和交流的一种技术方案。简单来说，区块链等同于一个大型数据库，将其视为一本账本，在一段时间内找到记账最好最快的人，由其进行记账，之后将账本信息发给系统内所有人，所有人维护同一个账本，也就是一种典型的分布式共享的记账方法。

In essence, block chain technology is a technology that stores, authenticates, transmits and communicates network data without relying on third parties and through their own distributed nodes. In simple terms, block chains are equivalent to a large database, which is considered to be an account book for which the fastest person to record will be found over a period of time and the information will then be sent to the owners of the system, who will maintain the same account book, a typical method of distributed sharing.

2 金融行业区块链技术应用的可行性分析

2 Feasibility analysis of technology applications for block chains in the financial sector

2.1 去中心化

2.1 Decentralization

在传统交易中，我们往往通过第三方中介作为信任中心实现交易，比如消费者和商家的交易依赖于银行支付。区块链技术认为第三方信任中心的存在不仅使得交易双方缺乏信任，泄露交易双方信息，而且增加了交易费用，因而采用了点对点的直接交易方式。在这种模式之下，共识和互相信任会在交易双方进行数据交换时自动达成，不仅可以确保信息安全，与此同时有效地提高了效率并且降低交易成本。

In traditional transactions, we often do business through third-party intermediaries, such as consumer and merchant transactions dependent on bank payments. Block-chain technology believes that the existence of a third-party trust centre not only results in a lack of trust between the parties, the disclosure of information between the parties, but also increases transaction costs, thereby introducing a point-to-point approach to direct transactions.

2.2 匿名化

2.2 Anonymousization

由于采用计算机算法实现了去信任的点对点直接交易模式，各个节点之间没有必要公开自己的身份，交易双方传递信息都是通过公共地址来实现，尽管区块链上的全部数据都是公开透明的，由所有人共享，但数据并没有具体绑定到每个个体，从而有效地实现了匿名性，极大的保护了个人的隐私。

Since computer algorithms have achieved a direct point-to-point transaction mode of trust, there is no need for disclosure of identity between nodes, and both parties to the transaction transmit information through public addresses. While all data on the block chain are open and transparent and shared by all, data are not specifically tied to each individual, thus effectively achieving anonymity and protecting the privacy of the individual.

2.3 信息安全性

2.3 Information security

区块链技术下系统内部全部交易记录都自动储存在相应的数据区块当中，配合时间戳的技术，即每个区块上的记录都有发生时间和顺序，可以对每笔交易记录进行追踪查询，如果个人想要篡改，必须取得51%及以上的人认可才行，这在数据和用户量极大的现实条件下几乎是不可能实现的，因而可以有效解决交易后的纷争等问题。

All transaction records within the block chain system are automatically stored in the corresponding data blocks, in conjunction with the time-stamping technique, that is, the time and sequence of the records on each block, which allows tracking of each transaction record, and if an individual wishes to tamper with it, it must be accepted by 51 per cent or more, which is almost impossible to achieve under the most realistic conditions of data and user availability, so that post-trading disputes can be effectively resolved.

2.4 开放性

2.4 Openness

区块链的数据系统对所有人是开放的，除了每个交易方的私有信息是被加密处理之外，每个人都可以通过公共的接口查询寻找区块链数据，所以整个系统信息透明度极高，交易方获取信息更加便捷。

The block chain data system is open to all and, with the exception of the private information of each trader being encrypted, everyone can search for block chain data through public interfaces, so the system as a whole is highly transparent and the parties to the transaction have easier access to information.

3 区块链技术在金融业的主要应用

3. Key applications of block chain technology in the financial sector

“互联网+金融”的发展使得全世界范围内传统金融的业务模式发生了改变，区块链技术的发展对于社会金融体系的发展也产生了深远的影响，由其当前直销银行、互联网券商等的发展重点在于经营模式的改变，而区块链技术的发展则会使得金融业更接近其本质――信用。

The development of “Internet+finance” has led to changes in the business model of traditional finance worldwide, and the development of block-chain technology has had a profound impact on the development of the social financial system, with its current development of direct-selling banks, Internet voucher dealers, etc., focusing on changes in business models, while the development of block-chain technology will bring the financial sector closer to its essence - credit.

3.1 数字货币

3.1 Digital currency

目前，以比特币为代表的数字货币是区块链技术最为广泛，也是最为成功的应用。在比特币的基础上，衍生了莱特币、狗狗币、瑞波币等一系列竞争币。世界上曾经先后出现数千种的数字货币，目前还存在的大概有七百多种。

At present, digital currency, represented by bitcoin, is the most extensive and successful application of block-chain technology. On the basis of bitcoin, a series of competing currencies, such as Letco, Dogcoin, and Ripcoin, are derived.

数字化的货币凭借去中心化和交易相对频繁的特点，具有相对较高的交易流通价值并且能够维持相对稳定，全球区块链信用体系今后一旦形成，数字货币会得到更广泛的应用。传统的国际货币支付结算系统中，美元占据着绝对优势地位，人民币没有足够的力量去和美元直接进行竞争，但之后人民币也许可以借助数字货币的发展实现国际化。在之前召开的中央人民银行数字货币研讨会上，央行也明确了发行数字货币的战略目标，研究其多场景应用。

Digital currencies, by virtue of their relative frequency of decentralization and transactions, have relatively high transaction value and are able to maintain relative stability, and the digital currency will be used more widely in the future once a global block-chain credit system is formed. In the traditional international monetary payment settlement system, the dollar has an absolute advantage, and the renminbi does not have sufficient power to compete directly with the dollar, but it may then be internationalized with the development of digital money.

3.2 支付、转账与清算

3.2 Payments, transfers and liquidation

当前发展条件下，商业贸易的支付与清算全都依赖于传统的银行体系，这种方式进行的转账清算要经过开户行、对手行、清算组织、境外银行等多个组织参与以及十分繁冗复杂的流程，花费时间长而且使用成本高。相比之下，区块链技术在交易双方之间创造直接的付款流程从而避开繁杂的流程，能够为用户提供跨境支付以及任意币种的实时支付结算，低价而且迅速，无需任何手续费。

Under the current conditions of development, payment and liquidation of commercial trade are all dependent on the traditional banking system, whereby transfers are settled over long periods of time and at high cost through the involvement of multiple organizations, such as open-account banks, counterparty banks, liquidating organizations, offshore banks, and very cumbersome and complex processes. By contrast, block-chain technology creates direct payment processes between the parties to the transaction, thus avoiding cumbersome processes, allows users to make payments across borders and in real-time payments in any currency, at low prices and quickly without any processing fees.

在跨境支付领域，Ripple支付体系已经开始实验性应用，作为世界上第一家国际网络支付公司，其利用通用的全球基础架构连接孤立的网络，为不同的成员银行提供软件接入Ripple网络，以分布式账本的方式做到实时结算，同时，银行的交易支付信息通过加密算法进行隐藏，只有银行自身的系统可以进行追踪查询，确保了交易的安全性和私密性，提高了金融的结算效率。

In the area of cross-border payments, the Ripple payment system has begun to be applied experimentally as the first international network payer in the world, connecting isolated networks using a common global infrastructure, providing software access to the Ripple network for different member banks to enable real-time settlements in distributed accounts, while bank transaction payment information is concealed through cryptographic algorithms and only the bank's own system can trace and search, ensuring the safety and privacy of transactions and improving financial settlement efficiency.

3.3 金融基础设施

3.3 Financial infrastructure

区块链技术独特的去中心化的方式能够使得传统的中心化为特征的金融基础设施产生较大的改变。首先，股票、债券、衍生品等资产传统方式下需要在相应的信任机构进行登记、保管，区块链技术可以以全新的分布式账户对数据进行记录、保存、管理，使其无法篡改并增强市场信息的透明度和可靠性；其次，智能合约功能的发展使得货币可编程化，支付可以在特定条件下执行。比如，央行发行一种特定的数字货币，制定某种政策，只有达到条件才可以以该种数字货币支付。

The technologically unique decentralization of the block chain can make a significant difference in the traditional financial infrastructure characterized by centralization. First, the traditional way in which assets such as stocks, bonds, derivatives, etc. are registered and kept in the appropriate trust institutions, the block chain technology can record, preserve, manage data in a completely new distributed account, make it impossible to tamper with and enhance the transparency and reliability of market information; and secondly, the development of smart contract functions allows money to be programmed and paid under certain conditions. For example, central banks issue a specific digital currency and formulate a policy that can be paid in that digital currency only if the conditions are met.

3.4 银行征信管理

3.4 Bank letter management

目前，商业银行对所有信用主体包括企业和个人在进行信贷业务的开展时，最基础的考量都是借款主体本身的金融信用。商业银行会把每个主体的信用信息全部上传到中央银行的征信系统，在需要的时候，先取得客户的授权然后再从征信中心下载参考。在这种情况下无法避免的出现信息不完整、使用成本高以及数据不准确的问题。然而在区块链技术下，可以依靠相关算法自动进行信用信息的记录，然后存储在区块链系统的所有计算机上，进而客户在申请贷款时，商业银行可以在获得客户准许的情况下直接调取相应区块链上的信息完成征信工作。

At present, the most basic consideration for commercial banks in the conduct of credit operations for all credit subjects, including businesses and individuals, is that of the borrower’s own financial credit. Commercial banks upload the credit information of each subject to the central bank’s credit system and, when required, obtain a client’s authorization before downloading it from the credit collection centre. In such cases, problems of incomplete information, high cost of use, and inaccuracy of data cannot be avoided.

4 区块链技术应用的主要困难

4 Main difficulties in the application of block chain technology

从目前实践的进展来看，区块链技术在金融业的应用大多处于测试与构想阶段，距离在社会的广泛应用还面临着很多挑战。

In terms of progress in current practice, block-chain technology applications in the financial sector are mostly at the testing and conceptual stages, with many challenges ahead of its widespread application in society.

4.1 技术问题

4.1 Technical issues

目前区块链技术的发展仍然处于初步阶段，其广泛应用仍然面临许多技术问题：

The development of block chain technology is still at an early stage, and its wide application still faces many technical problems:

①没有成熟可用的直观产品。区块链应用尚处于开发状态，相比之下，互联网有浏览器和各种客户端实现信息的浏览、传递、应用。

1 There are no mature intuitive products available. Block chain applications are still under development, compared to Internet browsers and various clients to access, transmit, and apply information.

②灵活性较差。区块链的信息在写入之后将无法更改，会使得交易不可以回退。

2 The flexibility is poor. The information in the block chain cannot be changed after writing, which prevents the transaction from retreating.

③区块链的容量问题。区块链的信息是一个不断积累增加的过程，下一个区块信息会大于前一个区块，长此以往，伴随着区块的信息量不断增大，对存储空间的占用量也在不断增加，从而带来的信息验证、存储、容量问题有待解决。

Question of the capacity of the block chain. The information of the block chain is a process of increasing accumulation. The next block information will be larger than that of the previous block. Over time, the amount of information on the block has increased and the amount of space occupied by the storage space has increased, resulting in problems of information validation, storage and capacity that need to be resolved.

④安全问题突出，难以保证其安全性。区块链网络的安全性是建立在有大量的可信的节点之上，确保可信节点不被攻击是一项十分重要的挑战，与此同时也要确保用户的私钥的安全性，防止黑客攻击窃取信息。此外，还有交易时间延迟过长、确认流程等诸多问题。

The security of the block chain network is based on a large number of credible nodes, and ensuring that credible nodes are not attacked is a very important challenge, while also ensuring the security of the user’s private key and preventing hackers from attacking and stealing information. In addition, there are a number of issues, such as excessive delays in transactions and confirmation processes.

4.2 监管问题

4.2 Regulatory issues

金融领域对监管的要求是十分严格的，由其对于金融科技的前沿技术。区块链技术特有的去中心化以及自我管理和集体维护的方式改变了传统的交易模式，对政府部门的管理起到一定的冲击，也影响到法律制度的安排。此外，区块链技术的发展尚且处于初步阶段，缺少完善的体系，即使对于十分成熟的比特币，不同的国家也有不同的态度，大多数国家仍然保持谨慎观望的态度。以上问题使得在区块链发展的各项经济活动过程中可能缺乏相应的必要的规范和制约，增大市场主体所面临的风险。

In addition, the development of block-chain technology is still at an early stage, and the lack of a well-developed system, even for well-developed bitcoin and different countries, has led to a cautious approach. These problems have led to a possible lack of the necessary regulations and constraints in the development of economic activities in the block chain, increasing the risks faced by market players.

4.3 竞争压力

4.3 Competition pressures

人类社会的发展是不可估量的，虽然目前区块链技术受到青睐，但如果出现更加高效合理的技术，人们会立刻选择另外的技术。比如，区块链技术在信息传递上具有极高的安全性，只有个人才能通过私钥打开信息，而量子通信技术通过量子纠缠效应同样可以达到安全保障，并且量子技术也有了长久的发展。所以说，区块链技术也面临着来自竞争性技术的压力。

The development of human society is incalculable, although current block-chain technology is favoured, if more efficient and rational technologies are available, one immediately chooses another. For example, block-chain technology is extremely secure in the transmission of information, only individuals can open information through private keys, and quantum communication technology can also achieve security through quantum entanglement, as well as long-term development of quantum technology.

5 区块链技术的应用措施

5 Measures for the application of block chain technology

5.1 关注技术发展动向，加强对技术的研究

5.1 Focus on technological developments and enhance research on technology

区块链技术仍然处于初步发展阶段，未来技术的发展如何需要不断研究探索。

Block chain technology is still in its initial stages of development, and future technological developments will require continuous research and exploration.

为此，首先，国外技术的发展更快，我们应该密切关注国外银行和机构对于区块链的研究进展，尤其是在区块链所面临的瓶颈上的突破，不断进行应用评估，加强对外合作和交流，同时，积极参与区块链发展的国际标准和国际规则的制定，共同研究制定行业标准，取得主动权和话语权；

To this end, first of all, the development of foreign technology has accelerated, and we should pay close attention to the progress of research by foreign banks and institutions on block chains, in particular the breakthroughs in the bottlenecks faced by block chains, through continuous application assessments, enhanced external cooperation and communication, and through active participation in the development of international standards and international rules for block chain development, joint research into industry standards and the acquisition of ownership and voice;

其次，充分利用国家创新驱动战略的政策支持，推进产学研相结合，以专业的研究团队确立研究方向，通过对不同应用场景的不断测试分析，模拟建立若干区块链，探索全新技术标准；

Second, making full use of the policy support of the national innovation-driven strategy, promoting a combination of research and production, setting the direction of research with a professional research team, simulating the creation of a number of block chains and exploring new technological standards through continuous testing and analysis of different application scenarios;

再次，加大对民间区块链研究的政策支持，鼓励参与，建立区块链项目投资基金。

Thirdly, there is increased policy support for the study of the civil block chain, encouraging participation and the establishment of a block chain project investment fund.

5.2 完善对技术的监管体系

5.2 Improving the regulatory system for technology

国家监管机构对于区块链发展的态度以及规范力度对行业的发展至关重要。

The attitude of national regulators towards the development of the block chain and the level of regulation are essential to the development of the industry.

首先，区块链的发展要求与我国传统的金融监管思路有一定的矛盾，务必要加强与监管部门之间的沟通和交流，在符合监管部门需要的同时努力获得认可与支持，同时，也可以利用区块链技术的思路对监管手段和方式进行补充发展；

First, there is some contradiction between the development of the block chain and our traditional approach to financial regulation. It is important to strengthen communication and communication with the regulatory authorities and to seek recognition and support while meeting the needs of the regulatory sector, while at the same time complementing the development of regulatory instruments and modalities with the technical approach of the block chain;

其次，成立专项研究小组，加强在区块链技术领域的立法研究，加强对新技术法律法规的国际交流，出台行业规范和标准，从而限制市场上的投资活动，保障参与主体的利益，降低金融创新的风险；

Secondly, the establishment of specialized research groups to strengthen legislative research in the technical field of block chains, to strengthen international exchange of new technology laws and regulations and to introduce industry norms and standards, thereby limiting investment activities in the market, safeguarding the interests of the participants and reducing the risk of financial innovation;

再次，明确新的监管体制的改革方向，可以适当借鉴混业监管模式，从区块链技术行业做起，由分业监管向混业监管逐步过渡。

Thirdly, a clear direction for the reform of the new regulatory regime could be drawn from the hybrid model of regulation, starting with the block-link technology sector, with a gradual transition from industry-based regulation to mixed-sector regulation.

6 结语

6 Concluding remarks

周小川行长在2016年2月提出“区块链技术是一项可选择的技术，人民银行部署了重要力量研究区块链应用技术。”虽然区块链技术的发展仍处于初步阶段，世界各国对区块链的接受程度也有待观察，区块链的发展仍面临许多挑战，但区块链的优势已经凸显，拥有很大的发展空间，基于区块链技术的金融业发展的模式也在不断创新，相信以区块链技术为代表的金融科技创新会对未来生活产生深刻的影响。笔者认为，我们应该采取一种积极的态度去积极研究区块链技术，同时也要加强金融风险防范，应对各种不确定性。

In February 2016, Governor Zhou Xiaochuan proposed that “block chain technology is an alternative technology, and the People’s Bank has deployed an important force to study block chain applications.” While the development of block chain technology is still at an early stage, the degree of acceptance of block chain development in countries around the world remains to be seen, and the development of block chains still faces many challenges, the advantages of block chain development have been highlighted, there is much room for development, and models for financial industry development based on block chain technology are being innovative, and it is believed that financial science and technology innovation, represented by block chain technology, will have a profound impact on future life.

参 考 文 献

References

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[1] Xinghua, Yang Yunzhi. Trends in Block Chain Development and Commercial Bank Response Strategies Study [J]. Financial Regulation Study, 2016 (6):73-91.

[2] 谌麒艳.区块链：金融业即将面临的一场革命[J].银行家，2016（7）.

[2] Blossoms. Block chains: a revolution to be faced by the financial sector [J]. Bankers, 2016 (7).

一、引言

Introduction

狭义上的区块链技术是基于密码学中椭圆曲线数字签名算法（ECDSA）实现去中心化的数据库技术，将区块以链的方式组合在一起形成数据结构，以参与者共识为基础存储有先后关系的、能在系统内验证的数据。广义的区块链技术则是利用加密链式区块结构来验证与存储数据、利用分布式节点共识算法来生成和更新数据、利用自动化脚本代码（智能合约）来编程和操作数据的一种全新的去中心化基础架构与分布式计算范式（Kavanagh D，2015）。区块链的概念首次由Satoshi Nakamoto（2009）在论文《比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统》中提出。O’Dwyer（2014）提出应用区块链技术来保护敏感数据、个人隐私等。Kishigami J（2015）等提出将区块链应用到数字内容版权的保护上，改变传统的CAS和DRM模式。R.Dennis（2015）提出了一种基于区块链的声誉系统。国内对区块链技术研究刚刚起步，相关著作较少。从实际应用来看，除个别应用开始小范围推广外，绝大部分运用仍未走出实验室。

The narrow block chain technology is based on a new decentralized database technology based on the cryptographic elliptical digital signature algorithm (EDCSA), which combines blocks into a data structure in a chain-based way, storing sequentially validated data based on the consensus of the participants. The broad block chain technology is the use of an encrypted chain block structure to validate and store data, the use of distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, the use of automated script code (intellectual contract) programming and operation data (Kavanagh D, 2015). For the first time, the concept of a block chain was proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto (2009) in Bitcoin: a point-to-point electronic cash system. O'Dwyer (2014) proposes the application of block chain technology to protect sensitive data, personal privacy, etc. Kishigami J (2015) proposes to apply to digital copyright protection and change the traditional CAS and DRM model.

区块链技术具有去中心化、分布式账单、可靠安全以及透明公开等特点，使其在数字加密货币、金融和社会系统中有广泛的应用前景，给金融机构带来巨大的潜力和价值。多国央行、国际金融巨头、交易所及IT行业巨头纷纷涌入区块链领域，其投资规模呈现爆发式增长。在经济金融全球化时代，加强区块链技术在金融领域的应用问题研究，对探索我国金融业务创新与发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。

In an era of economic and financial globalization, the strengthening of the application of block-chain technologies in the financial field is an important theoretical and practical tool for exploring innovation and development of our financial operations.

二、国内外区块链技术研发与应用前景

II. PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY IN AND OUT OF THE REGULAR LEVEL

区块链作为拥有巨大应用潜力的新技术，必将给全球金融业带来革命性的变革。如何在金融业务创新发展中发挥用武之地，全球金融界正以各种形式开展一系列探索（见表1、表2）。

Block chains, as new technologies with enormous application potential, are bound to revolutionize the global financial sector. How to play a role in innovative development of financial operations, the global financial community is engaged in a series of explorations in various forms (see tables 1, 2).

三、区块链技术对金融业务创新的主要潜在影响

III. The main potential impact of block chain technology on innovation in financial operations

（一）冲击现有支付机构的平台功能，改变支付体系和架构

(i) Impacting the platform function of existing payment institutions and changing payment systems and structures

区块链技术具有灵活的架构，可能重塑信用形成机制，尤其是区块链的去中心化机制，即第三方支付的资金监管功能可由“智能合约”自动替代，将冲击第三方支付的根基，在保证信息安全的同时有效提升系统的运营效率和降低成本，大大提高资金利用率（侯本旗和赵飞，2015）。区块链会使第三方支付逐步被边缘化，目前已涌现了Ripple和Circle等多种支付清算类应用，特别是像R3CEV联盟机构，冲击现有机构如支付宝的平台功能，并将可能改变现有金融体系中的交易、清算和结算流程（见图1）。据麦肯锡预测，如在全球范围内应用区块链技术开展B2B跨境支付与结算业务，则其每笔交易成本可将从约26美元降至15美元。

Block chain technology has a flexible structure that may reshape credit formation mechanisms, in particular the decentralized mechanism of the block chain, whereby third-party payment control functions can be automatically replaced by “intelligent contracts”, which can hit the foundation of third-party payments, effectively enhance the operational efficiency and reduce the cost of systems while ensuring information security, and significantly increase the utilization of funds (Hoxun and Zhao Fei, 2015). The block chain will gradually marginalize third-party payments and now has multiple payment-related liquidation applications, such as Ripple and Circle, in particular R3CEV Union institutions, impacting the platform functions of existing institutions, such as payment of treasures, and will potentially alter the transaction, liquidation and settlement processes in the existing financial system (see figure 1). McKenzie predicts that if B2B cross-border payments and settlement operations are implemented with the application of block chain technology on a global scale, the cost of each transaction can be reduced from approximately $26 to $15.

（二）数据信息不可篡改，弥补现有金融服务功能的不足

(ii) Data information cannot be tampered with to compensate for deficiencies in the functionality of existing financial services

区块链系统通过公钥和私钥的加密、解密对交易进行处理，交易的主体及交易内容都被记录在区块链上，任何交易都可被追踪和查询，数据信息不可篡改，具有更强的公信力。借鉴区块链和加密技术，核查外部数据源、确认满足特定触发条件后激活并执行合约，促进不同系统间的协调，提升数据交换效率（见图2）。2015年末，纳斯达克首次利用区块链技术完成和记录了一项私人证券交易，从股权交易市场标准结算时间的3天，区块链技术的应用将交易时间从股权交易市场标准时间3天缩短至10分钟、结算风险降低99%，从而有效降低资金成本和系统性风险。

Block chain systems handle transactions through encryption and decryption of public and private keys, the subject and the contents of the transaction are recorded on the block chain, and any transaction is traceable and searchable, data information cannot be tampered with and is more credible. Drawing on block chains and encryption techniques, external data sources are verified, specific trigger conditions are confirmed, contracts are activated and enforced, coordination between different systems is promoted, and data exchange efficiency is enhanced (see figure 2). In late 2015, NASDAQ completed and recorded for the first time a private securities transaction using block chain technology, three days from the standard settlement time in the stock exchange market, application of block chain technology reduced transaction time from 3 days to 10 minutes, settlement risk was reduced by 99 per cent, thereby effectively reducing the financial costs and systemic risks.

（三）优化共识机制，提高系统的安全性和私密性

(iii) Optimization of consensus mechanisms to enhance system security and privacy

高安全性的智能合约可编程，实现主动或被动的处理数据，接受、储存和发送价值，以及控制和管理各类链上智能资产等功能，即区块链使用散列算法加时间戳（Timestamping），既可保证交易信息的真实性、独立性和保密性，又为交易提供时间上的证明。如供应链金融借助区块链技术的“智能合约”功能自动进行支付，大大降低人工成本并减少因人工交易造成失误的可能性，极大提高交易效率和安全性。据麦肯锡测算，从全球范围来看，在供应链金融业务中广泛开展区块链技术应用，可使银行一年风险成本缩减11―16亿美元。

High-security smart contracts can be programmed to achieve either active or passive processing of data, acceptance, storage and transmission of value, as well as functions such as control and management of smart assets in various chains, i.e. block chains using hash algorithms plus time stamping, both to guarantee the authenticity, independence and confidentiality of transaction information and to provide proof of time for transactions. Automatic payments in supply chain finance using the “smart contract” function of block chain technology can significantly reduce labour costs and reduce the likelihood of errors due to manual transactions, leading to significant efficiency and security gains. McKinsey calculates that, globally, the widespread application of block chain technology in supply chain finance operations can reduce banks' risk costs by $1.1 to $1.6 billion a year.

（四）大幅改变信用风险管理模式，具有广泛金融业务创新的潜力

(iv) Significant changes in credit risk management models with the potential to innovate in a wide range of financial operations

区块链技术是使用全新的加密认证技术和去中心化的机制，通过新的信用创造方式，大幅改变信用风险管理模式，降低交易风险与成本，实现金融资源优化配置。从技术特性来看，区块链与传统数据库既有紧密的联系又存在显著差异（见表3），为涉及数据库应用的行业发展提供了新的技术选择，两者的有机结合必将产生强大的融合效应，形成全新的发展模式，在主数据管理、复杂资产交易管理等领域具有广泛开发的潜力。

Block chain technology, which uses new encryption authentication techniques and decentralised mechanisms, significantly alters credit risk management models, reduces transaction risks and costs, and optimizes the allocation of financial resources through new credit creation. In terms of technical characteristics, block chains have both strong links and significant differences with traditional databases (see table 3), providing new technological options for industry development involving database applications, and the organic integration of the two is bound to have a strong integration effect, leading to a new development model with extensive potential in such areas as master data management and complex asset transactions management.

（五）降低金融监管的难度与成本，规范市场行为与秩序

(v) Reducing the difficulty and cost of financial regulation and regulating market behaviour and order

区块链的分布式系统具有透明、公开、不可篡改等特性，可做到实时平账，避免事后审计，降低企业成本，降低结算与支付的出错率，实时监控每一笔资金的流入流出情况，适用于合规、审计和风控领域，从而为审计和监管单位提供数据透明性。银行业基于区块链技术可监测分析、识别异常交易，及时发现并能有效防止欺诈、洗钱等犯罪行为。近?啄昀矗?世界各国商业银行和金融公司为应对日趋严格的金融监管要求，不断加大人力和物力的投入。根据高盛测算，区块链可以驱动全行业因减少人力开支和反洗钱监管罚款而实现30―50亿美元的成本节约（见表4）。

The block chain distribution system is transparent, open, non-manufactured, etc., allowing real-time reconciliation, avoidance of ex post audits, reduction of enterprise costs, reduction of settlement and payment error rates, real-time monitoring of the flow of each sum of money, applicable to the areas of compliance, auditing and wind control, thus providing transparency of data for audit and regulatory units. The banking sector is based on block-chain technology to monitor, analyse, identify unusual transactions, detect and effectively prevent crimes such as fraud and money-laundering in a timely manner.

四、我国区块链金融业务创新所面临的困难与挑战

IV. Difficulties and challenges in innovative financial operations in our block chains

（一）相关法律法规建设相对滞后

(i) Relative delays in the development of relevant laws and regulations

一是区块链的去中心化机制，冲击了现行的国家监管体制，对现有业务监管体系形成挑战。将该技术整合至银行现有制度的成本较高，当数据规模增大时，低效的查询和挖掘分析将使其数据透明性的优势形同虚设，链状的数据结构和大量内容的直接记录将使得拥有反洗钱职能的监管机构也无法在可接受的时间内完成对数据的解读。二是区块链相关的制度规范、法律法规建设相对滞后，导致市场主体相关活动风险无形中被放大。如智能合约涉及的法律责任界定不明确。智能合约利用计算机代码在合约方之间阐述、验证和执行合同，是用代码来表述，而典型合同是用自然语言起草。当智能合约执行和典型合同之间出现相应纠纷时，涉及法律责任界定就不明确。同时，成熟资本市场和传统交易所，任何一个金融创新产品上线都有业务所有权人（owner），而智能合约一旦有漏洞，归属智能合约开发者负责还是由运行智能合约的平台来负责，难以界定。

The first is the decentralization of the block chain, which affects the existing national regulatory system and challenges the existing business regulatory system. The cost of integrating the technology into the existing banking system is high. When the size of the data increases, inefficient search and excavation analysis will make their data transparent advantages redundant, and the direct recording of chain data structures and large amounts of content will make it impossible for regulators with anti-money-laundering functions to interpret the data within an acceptable time frame. The second is the relative delay in the development of institutional norms, laws and regulations related to the block chain, leading to an increase in the intangible risk associated with market-related activities.

（二）绝大部分运用仍未走出实验室，建立完善的区块链应用仍面临众多技术挑战

(ii) The vast majority of applications remain outside the laboratory, and the establishment of well-established block chain applications continues to face numerous technical challenges

从区块链实践进展来看，大部分仍处于构想与测试进程中，要获得市场和监管部门的认可还面临不少的困难。一是大规模交易与区块链膨胀处置能力问题。由于区块链采用分布式的存储方式，占用存储的巨大空间，且去中心化的确认机制，交易时间延迟较长，导致在实际应用中交易量低、对存储空间膨胀的抗压能力差。二是智能合约的循环执行与灵活性差。智能合约具有自我循环执行特性，与高频交易类似，导致显著放大价格波动；且区块链数据信息一旦写入，不可篡改，交易后无法退回，灵活性较差，需事先设置例外追索机制。三是竞争性技术挑战。如在通信领域应用区块链技术，信息传递的安全性会大大增强。量子技术也可做到，量子通信――利用量子纠缠效应进行信息传递，同样具有高效安全的特点，近年来更是取得了不小的进展，很可能与区块链技术形成竞争态势。

Much of this is still in the process of conceptualization and testing, and there are difficulties in obtaining the approval of markets and regulators. First, large-scale trading and block chain expansion disposal problems. Because of the distributional storage of block chains, the use of large storage space and decentralized confirmation mechanisms, the length of transactions is long, leading to a low volume of transactions in practical applications and a poor resilience to the expansion of storage space. Second, the circular implementation and flexibility of smart contracts. Smart contracts have self-cycle enforcement characteristics, similar to high-frequency transactions, leading to a significant increase in price volatility; and, once they are written, unmanageable, transactional and less flexible, they require an exceptional recourse mechanism. Third, there is a competitive technological challenge. For example, the application of block-chain technologies in the area of communications, the safety of information transmission can be greatly enhanced.

（三）区块链技术的监管标准不统一，生态体系较为脆弱

(iii) Unharmonized regulatory standards for block chain technologies and fragile ecosystems

1.区块链缺乏生态体系。目前区块链的各种技术方案五花八门，超级账本、以太坊等大项目也都缺乏统一的技术标准体系，均处于“各自为政、群雄争霸”的状态，甚至与区块链相关的去中心化存储协议管理、网络安全性管理等也均尚未形成较为完善的标准方案，许多项目缺乏可靠的实践数据测试，整个区块链生态体系较为脆弱，仍需进一步健全完善。

The block chain lacks an ecological system. There are currently a wide range of technical options for the block chain. There is also a lack of a uniform system of technical standards for large projects such as superbooks and e-Taiwan, all of which are in a state of “divisionalism and fratricidal domination”, even the management of decentralized storage agreements and network security management associated with the block chain has not yet been developed, many of which lack reliable practical data testing, and the ecological systems of the entire block chain are fragile and need to be further improved.

2.区块链开发技术、监管标准不统一。由花旗银行、瑞士银行等共同组成的R3区块链联盟试图制定适合全球金融业使用的区块链技术领域的统一标准，强化在全球金融业中的领先地位。如2016年5月区块链技术提供商Chain和第一资本、花旗集团等金融机构发布了区块链方面的开放标准，在智能合约框架等方面实现了突破。然而，在全球层面尚缺乏一个统一的技术开发标准，智能合约使用的兼容性等方面将受限制，目前仍缺乏具有可操作性的国际标准促进在区块链上的创新。而我国金融业中针对区块链的标准研究和制订基本还没有真正起步，与国际发展存在较大的差距。

2. Block chain development techniques and regulatory standards are not uniform. The R3 Block Chain Alliance, a consortium of Citibanks, Swiss banks, etc., seeks to develop uniform standards in the area of block chain technology suitable for use in the global financial sector, and to strengthen its leading position in the global financial sector. Financial institutions such as Chain and First Capital, Citigroup, etc., issued open standards on block chains in May 2016.

（四）风险防范机制尚有待于更深入的研究和设计

(iv) Risk prevention mechanisms have yet to be studied and designed in greater depth

1.以天河二号目前的算力来说，产生比特币SHA256哈希算法的一个哈希碰撞大约需要248年，但随着量子等新计算技术和各类反匿名身份甄别技术的快速发展，未来非对称加密算法具有一定的破解可能性，因而需要研究并设计更为安全和有效的共识机制。

1. In terms of the current computing power of the Tien River II, it would take approximately 248 years for a Hash collision to produce the Bitcoin SHA256 Hashi algorithm, but with the rapid development of new computing techniques such as quantum and various types of anti-anonymization screening techniques, future asymmetric encryption algorithms have some potential to decipher and therefore need to be studied and designed for a more secure and effective consensus mechanism.

2. 我国大量在实际中应用的密码学产品都来自欧美国家。区块链技术的核心基础掌握在欧美国家手中，若关乎国家命脉的核心系统构筑在区块链技术之上，则存在着潜在安全风险。如去中心化的运作机制一定程度上削弱了中央政府对金融的控制，有可能危及国家的金融安全。由于区块链的运行节点位于公开网络上，面向所有参与者，传统防范网络攻击的物理隔离策略已不再适用，对网络安全防范也必将提出更高的技术处理要求。如2016年6月DAO遭遇黑客攻击，黑客正常解读DAO智能合约代码，利用其中一个递归调用函数盗取用户资金，累计损失360万个以太币，近6000万美元。

2. A large number of the cryptographic products used in practice in our country come from countries in Europe and the United States. The core foundation of block-chain technology is in the hands of European and American countries, and there are potential security risks if core systems related to the lifeline of the country are built on block-chain technology. Decentralized operating mechanisms, for example, reduce central government control over finance to a certain extent, potentially endangering the financial security of the country. Since the sector-chain operates on an open network and is open to all participants, the traditional strategy of physical isolation against cyberattacks is no longer applicable.

（五）颠覆性替代仍具高成本和局限性

(v) Subversive substitution remains costly and limited

1.颠覆性替代仍具高成本和局限性。区块链技术应用初期，将区块链中的智能合约平台用于现代金融领域，其投入成本与收益之间的关系尚处于未知；区块链去中心化、自我管理、集体维护的特性颠覆了人们目前的生产生活方式，冲击了现行法律安排，且与现有的运行模式、管理模式还有一段摩擦的过程。如区块链网络作为去中心化的分布式系统，其各节点在交互过程中不可避免地会存在相互竞争与合作的博弈关系。

1. Subversive substitution still has high costs and limitations. The relationship between the cost of inputs and the benefits is unknown in the initial application of block-chain technology, which uses smart contract platforms in the block chain for modern finance; the decentralised, self-managed, collective maintenance character of block-chains destabilizes people's current productive lifestyle, undermines existing legal arrangements and has a process of friction with existing operating and management models. For example, the block-chain network as a decentralized distributed system, where nodes inevitably have competitive and cooperative relationships in the interaction process.

2.智能合约代码向所有参与方公开，影响参与方利益。就许多金融交易形式而言，网络中非参与方可能会利用智能合约，在其金融交易中囤积或出售智能资产，进而损害参与方的利益。如何设计激励相容的共识机制，提高系统内非理性行为的成本以抑制安全性攻击和威胁，是区块链有待解决的重要问题。同时，跨界人才匮乏。从全球来看，既懂区块链又懂金融、法律的跨界人才极度匮乏，均制约了新产品的研发和创新（李钧和孔华威，2014）。

2. Smart contract codes are open to all participants, affecting the interests of participants. For many forms of financial transactions, network players may use smart contracts to hoard or sell smart assets in their financial transactions to the detriment of participants. How to design compatible consensus mechanisms that increase the cost of irrational behaviour within the system to contain security attacks and threats is an important issue that needs to be addressed. At the same time, there is a shortage of cross-border talent.

五、政策建议

V. Policy recommendations

（一）加强同业交流合作，积极参与前瞻性创新和国际标准制定

(i) Strengthened peer-to-peer cooperation and active participation in forward-looking innovation and international standard-setting

1.积极参与，制定标准。区块链技术仍属新生事物，需要监管部门牵头，加强金融机构和互联网企业的合作，开展区块链技术在金融领域的应用场景研究，并允许个别技术条件较为成熟的金融企业联合开展实验性应用，做好相关技术研究储备。同时，积极参与国际区块链组织的研究交流和标准规则讨论，力争参与研究制定区块链的行业标准，探索应用场景，制定有利于自身发展的区块链应用标准。

1. Active participation in the development of standards. Block chain technology is still new and requires regulatory leadership, enhanced cooperation between financial institutions and Internet enterprises, research on the application of block chain technology in the financial field, and the possibility for individual financial enterprises with more advanced technological conditions to combine experimental applications and build up a pool of relevant technical research. At the same time, it actively participates in research exchanges and standard rules discussions organized by international block chain organizations, seeking to participate in the development of industry standards for block chains, exploring application scenarios, and developing standards for the application of block chains for their own development.

2.抓住机遇，投资合作。高度关注国际区块链发展与创新动向，及时调整发展战略，力争加入国际区块链系列产品的研究和开发。在?⒓恿?盟制定标准的同时，成立相对独立的区块链创新实验室，如与金融科技公司合作成立研发实验室，重点研究区块链的运用；并可选择与较为成熟的区块链公司强强联手，积极推进金融同业的区块链技术应用交流和合作。

2. Taking advantage of opportunities, investment cooperation. Great attention is paid to international block chain development and innovation, adapting development strategies in a timely manner, and seeking to join the research and development of international block chain series products. In parallel with the development of standards, the Alliance has set up relatively independent block chain innovation laboratories, such as a research and development laboratory in cooperation with the Financial Science and Technology Corporation, focusing on the use of block chain; and it has the option of actively engaging with more mature block chain companies to promote technology exchange and cooperation in the area of financial cooperation.

（二）?c时俱进，改进金融业监管方式与手段

(ii) (c) Up-to-date ways and means of improving the regulation of the financial sector?

一是积极开展区块链技术在金融领域应用的立法研究。应加强新技术与金融创新的相关法律法规的国际交流和研究，制定相关标准规范和操作规范，鼓励商业银行、非银行机构和金融交易所联合开展区块链相关技术合作研究，探索区块链应用场景，制定区块链技术的相关行业标准。二是避免监管过度。监管部门应与时俱进，密切关注行业政策引导与跟进，充分利用区块链金融技术，改进金融业监管方式与手段，规范市场秩序，提高监管的有效性，实现市场各方共存和共赢。

The first is active legislative research on the application of block-chain technologies in the financial field. International exchanges and research on new technologies and financial innovations should be strengthened, standards and operational norms should be developed, commercial banks, non-banking institutions and financial institutions should be encouraged to undertake joint technical cooperation studies on block-chain-related technologies, explore the application of block-chain applications and develop industry-related standards for block-chain technologies. The second is to avoid excessive regulation.

（三）探索和完善区块链技术方案，推进金融业务创新

(iii) Explore and refine the block chain technology programme to advance innovation in financial operations

密切关注并评估区块链技术应用的成熟度、安全性、时效性等，协同开发区块链应用架构，如基于区块链技术探索推动票据、股票等的应用场景模拟实验，提升票据交易和证券交易的安全性和效率。进一步探索和完善各种技术方案、应用场景和商业模式，探索基于区块链技术的金融创新业务应用场景，选择交易关联简洁、业务成熟度高、技术应用提升效果明显的应用场景作为切入点，尽快打造适合我国金融体系特点的区块链技术方案。重点在跨行结算、跨境支付、证券发行和数字票据等方面加强研发，构筑若干通用型的应用服务平台，为金融业务创新提供相应的应用支持。

Pay close attention to and assess the maturity, security, timeliness, etc. of block chain technology applications, in conjunction with the development of block chain application structures such as block chain technology exploration to facilitate scenario simulations of instruments, stocks, etc., to enhance the safety and efficiency of paper and securities transactions. Further exploration and refinement of various technology programmes, application scenarios and business models, exploration of financial innovation business applications based on block chain technology, selection of simple trade linkages, high business maturity, and application scenarios with high efficiency in technology application, as entry points, to develop, as soon as possible, a block chain technology programme tailored to the characteristics of our financial system.

（四）完善相应的保障体系，为金融业务创新提供可靠的支撑

(iv) Refinement of the corresponding safeguards system to provide reliable support for innovation in financial operations

1、区块链技术概述

1. Technical overview of block chains

区块链概念最早于2008年提出，它是在已有技术上进行的独创性的组合创新，其核心技术包括P2P网络技术、非对称加密、共识机制、智能合约等。区块链技术特别适用于具备多方协作、节点共信、信用透明等特征的场景，天然具有降低信任成本、实现数据主权、提升运行效率等优势。产业界和学术界都不断对区块链技术进行研究和探索，但当前区块链发展仍面临不少挑战，主要集中在技术、场景以及顶层设计方面。

The block chain concept was first introduced in 2008 as an innovative portfolio innovation with existing technology, with core technologies such as P2P network technology, asymmetric encryption, consensus mechanisms, smart contracts, etc. Block chain technology is particularly suitable for scenarios characterized by multiple collaborations, nodes, transparency of credit, and naturally has the advantages of reducing trust costs, achieving data sovereignty, and improving efficiency. Industry and academia are constantly researching and exploring block chain technology, but there are still a number of challenges to the development of the block chain, focusing on technology, scenes, and top-level design.

2、国内外区块链发展现状

2. Status of development of the internal and external sector chains

1）各国政府高度重视区块链的发展，先后出台系列政策

1) Governments attach great importance to the development of the block chain, successively adopting a series of policies

从2016年开始各国政府已经关注到区块链的价值，2017年亚洲各国加快布局，2018年进入高速发展阶段，各国区块链技术的落地应用涌现。美国、英国和中国在应用方面布局较早，并在金融、供应链等行业领域形成丰富的应用案例。新加坡、日本、韩国等国区块链应用方向上较为聚焦，政策上较为开放。在经费支持方面，美国政府直接给予研究人员和区块链公司科研经费，英国、新加坡、日本、韩国主要以投资区块链项目为主。

Starting in 2016, governments have focused on the value of block chains, accelerating the deployment of Asian countries in 2017, moving to a high-speed phase of development in 2018, and deploying technology for block chains in various countries. The United States, the United Kingdom, and China have done so earlier and have developed rich applications in such sectors as finance, supply chains, etc. Singapore, Japan, and South Korea have become more focused and policy-open in their application. In terms of financial support, the United States Government has directly provided research and research to researchers and sector chain companies, with the United Kingdom, Singapore, Japan, and South Korea mainly focusing on investment block chain projects.

2）国内外巨头纷纷布局区块链产业，推动技术与应用发展

2. The development of technology and applications is being promoted by large domestic and international players in the cluster chain industry

国内外巨头企业于2015年便开始关注区块链技术，更多关注于技术研究与概念验证，部分企业于2106年开始进军区块链行业，2017年国内外各巨头企业动作更加频繁，纷纷开始落地应用探索，2018年则涌现出了一大批区块链解决方案和应用案例。国内外互联网企业非常关注区块链底层平台研发，推出区块链即服务（BaaS）平台，并在供应链金融、溯源、数字版权、物流追踪等方向积极探索应用。百度基于区块链开展百度百科数据上链、图腾存证，腾讯开展供应链金融应用及BaaS服务，阿里推出食品溯源、跨境结算等应用。

In 2015 large domestic and foreign firms began to focus on block chain technology, with more attention to technology research and conceptual validation, some of them began to move into the military block chain industry in 2106, with more frequent domestic and foreign firms moving in 2017, beginning to apply and explore local applications, and a large number of block chain solutions and applications emerged in 2018. Domestic and foreign Internet enterprises focused heavily on the development of block chain bottom platforms, the launch of sector chains as services (BaaS) platforms, and the active exploration of applications such as supply chain finance, traceability, digital copyright, logistics tracking.

3）开源是推动区块链技术发展的重要方式，国外社区活跃

3) Open source is an important way to facilitate the technological development of the block chain, with active communities abroad

开源是推动区块链技术发展的重要方式，涌现了以太坊、超级账本、DFINITY、BCOS、安链云、DNA等一系列开源平台，开源社区、企业界、高校经过积极探索在智能合约、分片存储、网络优化、跨链交互等方向创新形成了一系列关键技术，但以太坊等平台也经历了多次拥堵事件、安全事件，所以性能、容量、安全的优化提升是各个平台的关注点。另外，通过分析国内外区块链开源平台的关注度和活跃度，明显看出国内区块链开源平台的活跃度与国外存在一定差距，需要加大力度推进国内区块链开源平台的研发投入。

Open source is an important way to facilitate the technological development of block chains. A series of open-source platforms, such as Ether, Superbooks, DFINITY, BCOS, Ensemble Clouds, DNA, etc., have emerged. The active exploration by open-source communities, businesses, universities and universities of a range of key technologies in the direction of smart contracts, segment storage, network optimization, cross-chain interaction, etc. However, platforms such as Etheria have experienced a number of crowding events, security events, so performance, capacity, and safety optimization are the focus of the various platforms.

4）人才培养是区块链创新的关键，国内外高校积极布局

4. Talent development is the key to the innovation of the block chain, the positive layout of national and international institutions of higher learning

当前全球范围内共计29所高校已开设区块链相关课程和培训，大力培养区块链专业人才。我国总计10家高校开设了人才培养课程，位于全球之首，这表明中国在人才培养意识方面已经走在世界前列，其中上海地区已有4家高校开设相关课程，占中国高校总数的近一半，这四家高校中有三家位于杨浦区。

A total of 29 higher education institutions worldwide have offered courses and training in block-linking and have made great efforts to train professionals in block-linking. A total of 10 higher education institutions have launched a talent-training course, which is at the top of the world. This shows that China is one of the world’s leading institutions in terms of awareness-raising, including four in Shanghai, accounting for nearly half of the total number of Chinese higher education institutions, three of which are located in Yangpo District.

3、上海区块链技术与应用发展概况

3. Overview of the development of technology and applications in the Shanghai block chain

1）上海已形成完备的区块链产业生态，底层平台全国领先

1) Shanghai has a well-established block chain industry ecology, with the bottom platform leading the country

上海目前已经形成了从理论技术研究到底层平台研发再到行业应用创新的完整生态体系，复旦、交大、同济、财大等高校都在开展区块链技术的研究和人才培养，上海拥有工信部认定的微众银行、万向区块链、矩阵元联合打造的BCOS，众安研发的安链（AnnChain）等区块链开源平台，分布科技的DNA也通过中国电子标准化研究院的《区块链参考架构》符合性测试。在金融、供应链、航运物流等领域有一大批企业在开展应用研发，也成立了一些行业联盟、研究机构，在推动区块链产业发展过程中起到了巨大作用。

Shanghai has now developed an integrated ecological system from theoretical technological research to bottom-level research and development to industrial innovation. Higher educational institutions, such as the Instituto Nacional de Estudios estatos estatisticos, Convergence and Finance, are carrying out research and skills development in block-chain technologies. There are a large number of enterprises in the areas of finance, supply chains, shipping logistics, trade unions, research institutions, etc. that have been established to promote the development of block-chain industries.

2）上海出台了系列政策，高校、联盟协同推动区块链技术与应用

2) Shanghai has put in place a series of policies to promote block chain technology and applications in collaboration between universities and the Alliance

上海从2016年开始推动区块链技术研发和应用探索，下图为上海市区块链相关政策出台时间，截止目前上海各政府部门已出台近10项相关的政策和建议。

Since 2016, Shanghai has been promoting the development and application of block chain technologies. The following chart shows the timing of policies related to the Shanghai urban block chain. To date, almost 10 relevant policies and recommendations have been put in place by various Shanghai government departments.

上海自2016年4月开始，各企业机构纷纷成立了一系列联盟机构推动区块链技术的联合研发与应用，下图为相关联盟成立的时间，截止目前至少已有7家企业、机构和高校成立的联盟机构开展区块链的研究。

Since April 2016 in Shanghai, business institutions have set up a series of coalition institutions to promote joint research and development and application of block chain technologies. The following chart shows the time when the alliance has been formed. To date, at least seven business, institutional and university union bodies have been working on block chain research.

从2016年2月开始，上海高校已经开始推进区块链技术研究和人才培养，复旦大学、同济大学、上海交通大学、上海立信会计金融学院、上海大学、华东理工大学、上海财经大学等高校先后成立了研究机构、联合实验室等。

Starting in February 2016, the Shanghai University of Higher Education began to promote technological research and human resource development in block chains. Research institutes, joint laboratories, etc., have been set up at the University of Gangdan, the University of Shanghai Transport, the University of Shanghai Accounting and Finance, the University of Shanghai, the University of Technology in China and the University of Finance and Economics in Shanghai.

3）上海培育了一批技术创新企业，在技术方面有一定优势

3) Shanghai has developed a number of technological innovation enterprises with a certain technological advantage

根据工信部信息中心发布的2018中国区块链产业白皮书显示，截至2018年3月底，全国有区块链企业456家，目前上海有区块链企业95家位列全国第二；从国内区块链融资事件地域分布来看，上海有73轮次，排名全国第二，上海区块链发展有一定基础优势。从上海区块链企业注册地域来看，浦东新区数量最多，为27家，杨浦、松江、奉贤、宝山、虹口、黄埔等地区也是块链企业注册较多的区域。上海的万向区块链、分布科技、金丘科技等技术公司位于虹口、杨浦等地；同时，杨浦、浦东等区都有着高科技园区和高校分布，复旦大学、同济大学、上海财经大学都位于杨浦五角场。通过杨浦区的配套政策，相信杨浦将成为后续推进区块链发展的重要创新区域和基地之一。

According to the White Paper on the sector chain industry issued by the Information Centre of the Ministry of Trade and Communications, at the end of March 2018 there were 456 block-chain enterprises in the country, and 95 block-chain enterprises in Shanghai are currently the second largest in the country; in view of the geographical distribution of the financing of the sector chain in Shanghai, there are 73 rounds in Shanghai, ranked second in the country, and there are some fundamental advantages in the development of the sector chain. According to the list of companies in Shanghai, the number of new districts in Pudong is 27, and the areas of Yangpu, Songjiang, Hyun-hyun, Bosan, Rainbow Dok, Huang-ho, etc., are also well-registered in the chain.

根据国家知识产权局专利数据，我国已公开的区块链专利申请数量达到了2077件。上海申请数量为170项，与北京、广东、浙江有一定差距。目前，区块链的技术专利主要集中在数据技术、加密技术、共识技术、智能合约、区块链应用等方面，区块链应用的专利最多有700多项。上海区块链专利申请主要以企业为主，复旦、上海交大、同济区块链专利合计15项，从一个侧面反映了区块链的研发集中在企业，高校在中间的作用发挥还不明显，有必要鼓励高校在区块链理论技术方面做重点突破。

According to the patent data of the National Intellectual Property Office, the number of patent applications in the chain of blocks that have been made public has reached 2,077. The number of applications in Shanghai is 170, representing a certain gap between Beijing, Guangdong, and Zhejiang. At present, technology patents in the chain of blocks are concentrated on data technology, encryption, consensus technology, smart contracts, and the application of the chain of blocks. More than 700 patents have been applied in the chain of blocks.

经过两年多的探索，上海已经在供应链金融、保险、电子存证等行业领域有了试点应用，并形成了一批典型案例，为区块链的应用落地和推广起到了很好的示范效果。通过对上海近百家区块链企业调研和深入分析，编写组收集掌握了一手素材和典型案例，其中有特色的案例包括：万向区块链打造区块链+供应链金融服务平台，基于汽车产业核心企业数据，为中小企业供应商提供信用背书，开发供应链中的“长尾客户”，缓解多级供应商融资难、融资成本高的问题；众安保险采用区块链存储处理健康险电子保单21.27万份，涉及保费收入3736.36万元；连陌科技利用区块链和物联网技术，打造的全球首个区块链科技养殖项目“步步鸡”，获得中国区块链技术和产业发展论坛组织的第二届中国区块链开发大赛特等奖；电子数据存证产品-法链已为法大大等合作伙伴的150万/日电子合同提供存证后端。

After more than two years of exploration, Shanghai has piloted applications in the areas of supply chain finance, insurance, electronic record-keeping, etc., and has developed a set of typical cases that have served as a good model for the application and promotion of block chains. Through research and in-depth analysis of nearly 100 sector chain enterprises in Shanghai, the team has collected one-hand materials and typical cases, among which are the following: 10,000 block-to-block + supply chain financial services platforms based on core enterprise data for the auto industry, credit endorsements for small and medium-sized enterprise suppliers, development of “long-tail customers” in the supply chain, mitigation of multi-level supplier financing difficulties and high cost of financing; 21.27 million block-to-chain storage of health insurance electronic insurance policies dealing with insurance coverage, involving 37.36 million yuan in premium revenues; and the creation of “step chickens” for the scientific and technological production of the first global block-to-chain project, which has received a second Chinese segment prize for the development of the Chinese sector chain, organized by the Forum on Technology and Industrial Development of the Chinese District Chains; and electronic data storage products-to-legal chains have been used to provide electronic contracts to partners such as France.

4）上海区块链技术具有一定优势，但后续发展还存在不足

4) Shanghai block chain technology has some advantages, but there are gaps in subsequent development

上海在区块链发展方面具有一定的优势，例如拥有万向区块链、众安、分布科技、金丘科技等一批区块链技术研发企业，底层平台技术国内领先；区块链天然适用于多方协作、多信任主体间建立信任机制，上海拥有金融、航运、供应链等众多潜在应用场景；上海各大高校纷纷成立区块链研究机构，开展区块链教育与培训，具有一定人才储备。

Shanghai has some advantages in the development of the block chain, such as the existence of a number of technology research and development enterprises in block chains, such as 10,000-way block chains, crowd security, distribution technology, and gold mound technology, and the national leadership of bottom platform technology; the natural application of the block chain to multiple collaborations, confidence-building mechanisms among multi-trust players, and many potential applications such as finance, shipping and supply chains in Shanghai; and the formation of sector chain research institutes in Shanghai universities and universities to provide sector chain education and training, with a certain pool of personnel.

但是上海在一定程度上还存在不足，从前面分析可知，区块链技术起源于国外，国内在核心技术方面还不完善，许多底层平台依赖于国外开源项目；在产业应用方面，联盟组织发挥的作用还有待于挖掘和进一步加强，需要协同行业主管部门共同推动应用落地；上海区块链企业还是较为分散，产业各方很难形成合力，需要打造专门的集聚区，在顶层规划方便也需要进一步强化。

There are, however, a number of shortcomings in Shanghai, where it is clear from the preceding analysis that block chain technology originates from abroad, is not yet well developed at the domestic level in terms of core technology, and many bottom platforms are dependent on open-source projects abroad. In terms of industrial applications, the role played by coalition organizations has yet to be excavated and further strengthened and needs to be promoted in collaboration with industry authorities. Shanghai block chain enterprises are still fragmented, it is difficult for industry to forge synergies, there is a need to create specialized clusters, and the ease of planning at the top needs to be further strengthened.

4、上海区块链技术与产业发展建议

4. Recommendations for technological and industrial development of the Shanghai block chain

上海区块链技术与产业发展将紧密围绕上海“五个中心”建设的总体战略，抓住“信息互联网”向“价值互联网”发展升级的契机，培育具备全球规模和影响力的平台经济、全球规模和竞争力的行业巨头，不断创新应用新模式、探索产业新业态，服务上海创新之城、人文之城、生态之城建设。

The development of technology and industry in the Shanghai block chain will be closely centred on the overall strategy of building the Shanghai “five centres”, seizing the opportunity to upgrade the “information Internet” to the “value Internet”, nurturing a platform economy of global scale and impact, a global scale and competitiveness of industry giants, constantly innovating new models, exploring new industrial practices, and serving the city of innovation in Shanghai, the city of humanity, and the city of ecology.

上海在区块链底层平台研发方面相比国内其他地区有一定优势，结合目前区块链技术的发展趋势，我们建议从基础理论、技术平台、共性技术三方面进行投入和布局。基础理论方面：由于区块链是一项集成创新技术，目前的加密、共识算法等其核心技术，需要积极探索和创新，若要推动上海区块链技术能级的提升需要从基础研究开始培育，我们重点考虑区块链共识算法、智能合约形式化验证、抗量子隐私保护、跨链交互等；技术平台方面：解决当前区块链技术实际应用中所面临的问题，我们重点考虑区块链技术平台的性能优化和安全管控；共性服务方面：我们建议重点推动行业应用过程中的区块链功能、性能、安全等测试、验证服务环境建设等，帮助企业降低应用难度和成本。

Shanghai has a certain advantage over other parts of the country in terms of research and development of the platform at the bottom of the block chain, and, in the light of current trends in block chain technology, we propose inputs and layouts in three areas: basic theory, technology platforms, and common technologies. Fundamental theory: since block chains are an integrated and innovative technology, their core technologies, such as current encryption, consensus algorithms, etc., need to be actively explored and innovative. In order to advance the technological excellence of the chain in the Shanghai sector, we need to start to develop from basic research, focusing on sector chain consensus algorithms, intelligent contract formalization, counterweight privacy protection, cross-chain interaction, etc.; technological platform: addressing the problems faced in the practical application of current block chain technology, we focus on performance optimization and security control of the technology platform in the sector; and common services: we recommend that emphasis be placed on promoting sector chain functions, performance, safety, testing, etc., certification service environment, etc., to help enterprises reduce the difficulties and costs of application.

关键词：区块链技术；食品安全审计；信息化；框架构建

Keywords: block chain technology; food safety audit; informationization; framework construction

现阶段我国的食品安全依旧存在比较突出的隐患，食品安全风险的识别与防控具有复杂性、差异性等特点，食品安全治理仍存在比较大的难度。作为风险防控的重要手段，食品安全审计近几年得到快速发展，但在信息化技术水平、流程体系以及数据完备性等方面还存在较多问题，尤其是在数据获取的真实性和完整性上存在较大的难度。区块链具有去中心化、独立性、安全性与匿名性等特点，利用其智能合约、共识机制、非对称加密、分布式账本等技术，可有效保障审计数据的质量与可追溯[1]，同时还有助于风险的及时捕捉、人力资源的节省以及审计效果的提升等。因此，分析探讨区块链技术在食品安全审计中的应用具有重要的现实意义。对于食品工业来说，审计与食品质量标准在食品安全的保障中起到的作用都是不可或缺的，例如：评估管理系统，获得某些食品安全和质量标准的认证，评估场所和产品的条件，确认法律合规性等等[2]。审计应用于食品安全治理，最早是在西方国家产生的，由此也逐渐衍生出一项新领域的审计———食品安全审计。国内学者将食品安全审计界定为：“一套集成本审核分析、质量管理机制考察和企业产品质量状况核算评价为一体的科学方法”[3]。该领域的研究在国内起步较晚，大致开始于在三鹿奶粉事件发生以后，并且集中在乳品行业，食品安全审计的具体实施也基本是由政府有关部门主持进行，且审计对象主要聚焦在大型企业[4]。目前，就我国已有的食品安全审计案例来看，还存在中小型企业审计不够到位、审计依据标准不够明确、审计数据不够安全可靠以及在专业审计人才与方法上存在欠缺等问题。因此，亟需新技术、新方法的引入和应用。近几年，随着区块链技术的发展，学者们开展了其在许多领域和场景应用的研究。区块链在审计领域的应用也得到了越来越多的重视，相关的研究如：基于区块链技术构建实施审计框架[5-6]、区块链技术在企业联网审计中的应用[7-8]、区块链技术在金融审计中的应用[9-11]以及区块链审计在政府治理中的应用等等[12-13]。在具体的审计模式探索中，毕秀玲等[14]提出要大力推进“审计智能＋”的建设，在5G、区块链、大数据与人工智能等技术的支持下，提高审计信息化的水平。传统审计过程中所面临成本、效率、质量、安全性等问题恰恰可以通过区块链技术进行有效解决[15]。房巧玲等[16]便提出了基于双链架构的混合审计模式，即智能审计程序与人工审计程序相结合的模式。从目前已有的研究来看，还尚未见有关区块链技术在食品安全审计中应用的研究。基于此，文章首先根据区块链技术的工作原理与优势点，分三个层次构建起区块链技术在食品安全审计中应用的逻辑框架。其次结合传统审计工作，通过技术代入，进一步阐述区块链技术下的食品安全审计工作的大致流程。最后，充分考虑当前区块链技术在运用中所面临的各种问题，提出相关的建议以及未来发展的展望。

This phase of food security in the country continues to be characterized by more pronounced risks, such as complexity, variation in the identification and control of food safety risks, and greater difficulties in the management of food safety. As an important means of risk prevention and control, food safety audits have developed rapidly in recent years, but there are more problems in terms of information technology levels, process systems and data integrity, particularly with regard to the authenticity and completeness of data acquisition. The role of the sector in the food industry, such as in the safeguarding of food safety, the use of its smart contracts, consensus mechanisms, non-symmetrical encryption, technology in the audit zone, the certification of certain food safety and quality standards, the conditions of the research block in the evaluation of technology, the legal compliance of the audit chain, etc.

1区块链技术在食品安全审计中的应用逻辑

Logical application of block chain technology in food safety audits

1.1区块链的工作原理

Principles of operation of the 1.1 block chain

区块链是在一种基于分布式系统思想形成的网状结构，在这个网状结构中，信息存储上链主要有以下流程：当某个节点有新的数据信息录入，该节点将会把信息网络中的其他节点进行广播，其他节点在接收信息以后会对其内容的真实性、完整性以及可靠性进行检验，检验无误后该信息将被储存在一个区块中，经过随机Hash算法得出Hash值，该过程可以视为一种单向的加密手段，不仅可以将复杂无章的数据信息转换为固定长度的字符代码，而且其破解的困难程度也保证了数据的不可篡改性。此时，全网将基于共识机制对该区块内数据进行审查，审查通过以后该区块将被正式存入区块链的主链中，相应的数据也将被打上时间戳标记，更新复制保存到每个节点里[17]，如图1所示。

The block chain is a network structure based on the idea of a distributed system, in which the information storage chain consists mainly of the following processes: when new data information is entered at a node, the node will broadcast the information network, the rest of the node will be tested for authenticity, integrity and reliability of its contents after receiving the information, and the information will then be stored in a block, which will be derived from random Hash algorithms, which can be seen as a one-way encryption tool that not only converts complex unchallenged data information into a character code of fixed length, but the difficulty in deciphering it also ensures the irreprocability of the data. At this point, the whole network will review the data within the block on the basis of a consensus mechanism, the data will then be formally placed through the block in the chain of the block, and the corresponding data will also be time stamped and updated for preservation to each section [17], as shown in figure 1.

1.2区块链技术在食品安全审计中应用的逻辑

1.2 Logical application of block chain technology in food safety audits

区块链作为一项颠覆性技术，在各个领域加速应用。将区块链技术应用到审计领域，这种模式被称为区块链审计。而在区块链审计的定义上，徐超等[18]提出广义和狭义之分，广义上指在审计领域应用区块链技术，而狭义上则包含了区块链审计和审计区块链这两种方式，二者的审计对象不同，具有本质上的区别。在区块链审计过程中，审计人员基于信息系统对一般控制和应用控制进行测试，通过借助发挥区块链技术的优势性，对各类业务执行自动化审计和持续审计等行为[19]，具体包括：对数据的真实性、时效性以及可靠性进行审计；对系统设置、共识机制以及智能合约等进行审计；对区块链技术所涉及的系统节点等安全性进行审计[20]。事实上，区块链可以分为三个层次：协议层、应用层和访问层，它们相互独立又不可分割，构成了区块链技术在食品安全审计领域的运用逻辑，如图2所示。协议层（又称基础层）是基于共识机制展开运行的，通过共识机制来保障每个节点的数据是真实一致可靠的。在利用分布式数据存储、加密算法、网络编程以及时间戳等技术的基础上，对食品供应链上所涉及到的各个环节、各个企业的各类信息进行收集与记录，如食品生产过程中的原料配比情况、添加剂的使用量情况，食品物流环节的负责方信息、车次时间以及冷链条件情况，食品交易过程中经销商情况以及流入消费者的时间地点等信息[21]。企业彼此间的信息验证以及共识算法记账使得审计需要的众多数据信息能够公开透明、不易篡改，也有助于扩大审计工作的覆盖面。对于应用层而言，智能合约的存在使得区块链在没有人工控制以及第三方干预的情况下，能够按照网络编程出的代码进行自主运行，有助于明确执行标准，大大提高了审计的效率以及数据的收集分类等重复性工作，在预先设置的程序代码中，一旦触发相应的条件和标准，将会作出各类分析行为，这样一来，审计人员通过区块链技术就可以对食品质量安全实现实时监控、及时预测和灵活预警[22]。就访问层来看，无论是通过个人计算机（personalcom-puter，PC）端还是移动终端，借助区块链技术的可编程性采用公钥与私钥授权的机制，能够实现数据的安全独立便捷获取。同时，时间戳技术有助于保障数据的安全性，使审计工作的的可靠性和便利性能够得到进一步优化。

As a subversive technology, the block chain is applied in an accelerated manner in a variety of areas. In the audit of the block chain, the model is referred to as the block chain audit. In the definition of the block chain audit, the broad and narrow distinction is given to the application of block chain technology in the audit area, while in the narrow sense it is included in the audit of the block chain audit and the audit of the audit block chain, there is a fundamental difference between the audit subjects. In the audit of the block chain, the auditors test the general control and the application of the technology control, the model is referred to as the block chain audit. In the case of the block chain audit, it is used to test the general control and the technical control of the application of the block, it is defined as the technology of the block that enables the automated audit of the operation of the block and the continuous audit of the network [19], it is possible to perform an audit of the authenticity of the data in the area of data, the availability of the information in the sector, the availability of the information in the market chain, the use of the information in the market, the information in the market chain [20], the fact that the chain can be divided into three layers of the chain of the chain, the information in order of the information in which is used, and the information in order of the information in order of which is used in order of the information, the information, the information, the chain of which is used, the chain of which is used, the information, the information, the information, the information of which is used.

1.3区块链技术在食品安全审计中应用的优势

1.3 Strengths of block chain technology applied in food safety audits

对于食品行业来说，信任机制的构建对于品牌形象的树立是十分关键的，而品牌形象的优劣将直接影响企业的生存甚至是行业的兴衰。在这种情况下，通过审计去发现问题、解决问题，并实现信息的公开、透明、可追溯将有助于信任的构建。而区块链技术在审计中运用的优势，将有效推动信任机制的形成。首先，去中心化的优势使得在整个食品供应链上所有企业都可以分别作为一个节点，分布式数据储存技术的应用，使得众多企业在信息的记录和储存上互相监督、互相利用，具有更加安全、更加便捷、更加透明的优点。同时，每个审计项目由指定的审计组执行审计，每个审计组也相当于区块链的一个节点，若干个审计组节点组成分布式节点组织结构，相当于一个分布式账本。于是审计的范围变得更加广泛，所涉及的审计对象也更加的全面而具体，不需要非得围绕核心企业实施审计，解决了审计范围的局限性问题，有助于提高食品安全审计结果的质量。其次，交易可追溯性、数据透明性的优势使得信息在供应链上变得更加可靠、真实。在供应商的选择、企业内部控制执行的有效性等等方面具有督促作用。例如，就已有的食品安全审计案例呈现的结果来看，存在如下问题：企业不能持续保持生产条件、食品安全管理制度等落实不到位、企业自身的检验能力不足、生产信息记录的不完整甚至伪造记录以及不合格品和变质食品的及时处置问题等。在区块链技术的帮助下追溯系统将会不断完善[23]，对于存在的这些问题也会更加具有约束和威慑作用。在现实中，已有具体的应用案例，如2017年7月沃尔玛、京东、国际商业机器（internationalbusinessmachines，IBM）公司和清华大学共同组成了区块链联盟，在产品的地产、批号、生产厂家、到期日期以及运输细节等各种详细信息的获取上，可以实现从天数到秒数的速度提升，这将极大地提升审计实施的效率。最后，可编程性则发挥了信息技术的优势，相比于传统审计中的人工操作，信息技术的应用将会使得审计的流程更加严谨、更加快捷。食品安全审计过程中，涉及到的质量标准、规范等十分复杂，对于不同品类食品的特殊性质、不同添加剂的使用规定等所涉及的知识更加多样和复杂[24]，利用计算机编程技术，则可通过代码的编写，将有关审计标准、审计法规等进行定义，在区块链中实现数据信息的智能运行。在既定的规则和协议下，区块链可以实现数据的自动采集、传递与存储，高安全性、高透明性使得审计效率大大提升。德勤会计师事务所的Rubix平台就是通过将自动化技术和区块链技术相结合，在提升工作效率的同时，又能达到降低成本等作用[25]。同样，沃尔玛也将区块链技术应用于食品供应链管理之中，并取得了一定的理想成效[26]。

For the food industry, the building of confidence mechanisms is essential for the creation of brand images, which directly affect the survival of enterprises and even the growth of industries, through audits to identify problems, solve problems, and achieve openness, transparency, and traceability of information. The advantages of block-chain technologies applied in audits will contribute effectively to the formation of trust mechanisms. First, the advantages of decentralization make it possible for all enterprises throughout the food supply chain to act as a node, the application of distributed data storage technologies, which will enable many enterprises to monitor each other on recording and storage of information, to exploit each other, and will directly affect the viability of the technology of the firms involved, with more secure, faster and more transparent access to the information technology of the firms involved. At the same time, the quality of each audit project will be subject to audit by a designated audit team, which will be equivalent to an audit of the infrastructure of the sector, the use of common food products, such as a distributed node of goods, the availability of which is more extensive, the availability of reliable information, the effectiveness of which will be more comprehensive and specific.

2区块链技术下食品安全审计的流程

Process for auditing food safety under sector 2 chain technology

区块链技术下的食品安全审计流程是在传统审计流程的基础上，通过融入区块链技术，对审计流程进行重塑，保证审计大环节不变，即审计准备阶段、审计实施阶段以及审计报告阶段，但细节更加优化、效率更高，如图3所示。

The food safety audit process under block chain technology is based on the traditional audit process, which is reconfigured through the integration of block chain technology to ensure that the audit process remains unchanged, i.e., the audit preparation phase, the audit implementation phase and the audit report phase, but the details are more optimized and efficient, as shown in figure 3.

2.1审计准备

2.1 Preparation for audit

在审计准备阶段需要先对审计信息和数据等进行预处理，通过数据的采集、传输与存储，利用区块链中各个节点所达成的共识机制，实现数据的真实性、完整性与一致性。在这个过程中，通过对被审计食品行业的相关标准、企业会计准则的选取情况、企业的性质以及监管环境等的了解，对相关获取信息进行更新记录，并利用时间戳技术，相当于会计记账中的连续编号机制，对新产生的区块做上时间标记，充分保证了数据在一定时间内是可追溯的、可验证的以及完整的。

In the lead-up to the audit, pre-processing of audit information and data, etc., is required to achieve data authenticity, integrity and consistency through the collection, transmission and storage of data, using a mechanism of consensus reached at the various nodes in the block chain. In this process, the relevant access to information is updated through an understanding of the relevant standards in the audited food industry, the selection of business accounting standards, the nature of the enterprise and the regulatory environment, and time stamp technology is used, which is equivalent to a continuous numbering mechanism in the accounting accounts, marking the newly generated blocks in time, providing sufficient assurance that the data are traceable, verifiable and complete over time.

2.2审计实施

2.2 Audit implementation

在审计实施阶段，面对食品供应链本身的环节的多样性与复杂性，区块链应用平台会及时向各个节点的企业、账项往来银行以及其他关联方进行信息的检查与考证，并将结果进行实时反馈。在对某一生产、加工业务或者交易进行审查以后，将问题点进行汇总与分析。在审计过程中，同时需要伴随着数据清洗、数据挖掘、可视化操作、实时处理、风险识别与评估以及重要性水平的确定等技术支撑，也需要借助传感器、物联网、射频识别以及CPS/GPS等审计工具[21]，因此，这将对专业人才的技术水平有着较高的要求。

During the implementation phase of the audit, in the face of the diversity and complexity of the food supply chain itself, the block-chain application platform conducts timely information checks and validations to enterprises, account-to-account banks and other relevant parties at all nodes, and provides real-time feedback on the results. After a review of a production, processing or transaction, the issue points are aggregated and analysed. During the audit process, there is also a need for technical support, such as data cleansing, data mining, visualization operations, real-time processing, risk identification and assessment, and determination of the level of importance.

2.3审计报告

2.3 Audit reports

在传统审计流程的收尾阶段，需要对整个审计流程所记录的工作底稿以及证据信息进行整理与汇总，并出具最终的审计报告、发表审计意见。而在区块链技术的应用下，审计人员通过对数据信息的系统建模进行智能化自主分析，并且能够做到对审计结果的实时记录、对被审计企业进行随时随地的监控，还可以根据审计主体的不同以及审计要求的变化，随时出具定制化的审计报告，大大提高了审计结果的质量以及需求度的满足程度。

At the closing stage of the traditional audit process, the working papers and evidentiary information recorded throughout the audit process need to be collated and aggregated and the final audit report and audit opinion issued. Under the application of block chain technology, auditors undertake an intelligent, autonomous analysis of the systematic modelling of data information and are able to perform real-time recording of the audit results, monitor the audited enterprises at any time and place, and produce customized audit reports at any time, depending on the subject of the audit and changes in audit requirements, significantly increasing the quality of the audit results and the level of responsiveness to the needs.

3区块链技术在食品安全审计应用中面临的问题

Problems faced by block chain technology in food safety audit applications

3.1技术问题

3.1 Technical issues

现阶段，无论是国家、社会还是具体的个人，对于审计的水平和质量要求越来越高。监督再到上市公司的财报结果公开，处处离不开审计的参与，审计也逐渐在越来越多的领域发挥作用，例如：领导干部经济责任审计、自然资源资产审计、信息科技审计以及本文所探讨的食品安全审计等领域。在食品安全上，任何小的风险都不容忽视，这对于审计的执行是一项不小的挑战，尽管区块链技术在效率和质量等方面对食品安全审计有着很大的帮助，但在海量的信息面前，区块链的复杂度也急速增加，无论是从硬件上还是软件上，对计算机的算法处理能力、存储能力以及硬件配置有着越来越严苛的要求。因此，进一步提高硬件的可靠性以及软件的适配性是技术层面需要持续努力的方向。

At this stage, the level and quality of audits are increasingly demanding, whether at the national, social or specific level. Monitoring goes to the disclosure of the financial results of listed companies, with the Branch becoming involved in audits. Audits are also gradually playing a role in a growing number of areas, such as financial responsibility audits for leading cadres, natural resource asset audits, information technology audits, and food safety audits, as discussed in this paper. Any minor risks to food security cannot be ignored. This poses a significant challenge to the implementation of audits. While block chain technology contributes significantly to food safety audits in terms of efficiency and quality, the complexity of block chains is rapidly increasing in the face of big information, both hardware and software, with increasing demands on computer computing processing capacity, storage capacity, and hardware configuration.

3.2安全问题

3.2 Security issues

区块链技术尽管有着Hash值非对称加密算法、时间戳等技术的支持，但安全性问题依旧是区块链技术在发展中不容小视的关键问题。随着黑客技术的不断进化，以往的51%攻击成本已经不再具有很强的约束性，这对于审计工作是一项不小的潜在威胁。在区块链共识机制的基础上，很多企业将自己的关键性信息乃至核心机密都进行了上链操作，而黑客的行为将会对企业们造成重大损失甚至致命冲击。这就说明不存在一劳永逸的保障，各项技术需要在不断的挑战和威胁中，始终保持高度的预警态势，在面对不法分子的各种花样攻击时，能够做出迅速、有效的反应，这就需要相关信息技术人员不断提升其专业水平和素质。

Block chain technology, while supported by Hash asymmetric algorithms, timetamps, etc., continues to be a critical issue in the development of block chain technology. As hacker technology evolves, 51% of past attack costs are no longer very restrictive, which is a significant potential threat to audit.

3.3监管问题

3.3 Regulatory issues

事实上，尽管区块链技术中的分布式数据储存技术使得数据的记录、存储与读取更加便捷、安全，但其却弱化了国家对于交易情况的监督，对于现有的监管体系具有一定的冲击。区块链技术还在逐渐发展走向成熟，在食品安全审计领域的应用也将处于不断探索的阶段，有关监管的法律法规仍需进一步的完善与明确，如果真的出现监管漏洞，那必然影响该技术的健康、稳定与向好发展。因此，在技术不断进步的同时，国家相关部门的法律与监管体系也要完善跟进，二者相辅相成，为技术作用的充分发挥保驾护航。

In fact, while distributed data storage techniques in block chain technologies make data recording, storage, and access easier and safer, they weaken the state’s monitoring of transactions and have some impact on the existing regulatory system. Block chain technologies are still maturing, their application in the area of food safety auditing will be at an ever-explored stage, and regulatory laws and regulations will need to be further refined and clarified. If regulatory gaps do occur, they will inevitably affect the health, stability and well-being of the technology.

4结语

4 Concluding remarks

简单的四个字却说得铿锵有力。

The simple four words are strong.

日前，《中国信息化周报》记者独家采访了OKCion币行公司的OKLink产品VP郑荣尧，这是他回首过往的工作，总结的四字箴言。郑荣尧自2014年加入OKCion币行便致力于区块链的研究。对于区块链他深有感慨。

Today, an exclusive interview with VP Jung Yong-yuan, the KOKLink product of the Chinese Information Weekly, was a review of his work, summing up four words. Jung Yong-yu has been working on the block chain since joining the OKCion in 2014. He is deeply impressed by the chain of blocks.

2016年始，区块链概念反复被提及。实际上，依托于区块链技术，不同的行业可以与之结合并深度挖掘。金融行业以其特殊性，率先与区块链技术结合。

In 2016, the block chain concept was repeatedly mentioned. Indeed, depending on block chain technology, different industries can combine and dig deeper.

据郑荣尧介绍，依托于区块链技术可以实现不同的金融场景，而OKCion币行早在2013年就开始投入区块链业务，在支付、交易等方面很有成果，具体有哪些呢？跟随记者一起来了解。

According to Jung Young-joo, building on block chain technology can lead to different financial scenarios, while the OKCion coins were put into block chain operations as early as 2013, and have been very productive in terms of payments, transactions, etc.

解决的就是信任问题

It's about trust.

自从2008年“中本聪”提出“创世区块”之后，区块链已经逐渐走入人们视野。郑荣尧认为，2015年比特币的火热，促进了区块链的发展。2016年区块链技术概念不断被提及，影响不断增强。2017年将是区块链商业应用的起步阶段。

Since the creation block was introduced in 2008, the block chain has gradually moved into the horizon. Jung Yong-ju believes that the hotness of Bitcoin in 2015 contributed to the development of the block chain. The technical concept of the block chain was consistently mentioned in 2016, with increasing impact.

对于区块链，有人熟悉，有人陌生。也许“云计算、大数据、物联网”才是我们知道的新兴技术，记者问起区块链与其联系与区别时，他说：“当下云计算、大数据、物联网等新兴技术的火热促进着区块链技术的发展，区块链技术也在数据组织形式等方面影响着这些技术的发展。它们之间相辅相成、互相成就。”但是，区块链又明显区别于这些技术，“区块链是比特币的底层技术，是一种公开的、不可伪造的数据库账本，记载所有的交易记录。它是一种新的数据组织方式。去中心化、开放性、不可篡改等是区块链独有的特征。”在言语之间，不难听出他对区块链的推崇，在他的眼中公开性和不可篡改两大特征也成为了区块链最大的价值所在，这也是他不断提及和追求的。

Some are familiar with, and some are unfamiliar with, block chains. Perhaps “cloud computing, big data, object networking” is the new technology that we know, and journalists ask about the link and distinction between block chains, saying: “The heat of emerging technologies, such as cloud computing, big data, and object networking, contributes to the development of block chain technologies, which affect their development in terms of the form of data organization.” However, the block chain is clearly different from these technologies, and the “block chain is the bottom of Bitcoin, an open, non-forgerable database book that records all transactions. It is a new way of organizing data. Decentralization, openness, non-frozenness, etc., are unique features of the block chain.” Between words, it is not difficult to hear his praise of the block chain, and in his eyes, openness and non-frozen features have become the greatest value of the chain, which he continues to mention and pursue.

在采访中，郑荣尧多次提到的词还有“信任”二字，他表示：“区块链解决了一个重要问题――就是信任问题。”在一场交易中，信任是最P键的。

In the interview, Jung Yong-yoo also referred to the word “trust” on several occasions, stating: “The block chain solves an important problem - that is, trust.” In a deal, trust is the most fundamental.

传统的跨境支付往往需要汇款公司在合作方预付相当数量的备付金，这样做对汇款公司的资金安全和资金利用率都得不到保障。或者需要借助SWIFT等在全球各个银行、行之间进行交互，流程长、效率低、成本高。区块链可以完美解决这个问题，其组织方式和开放性和不可篡改让“账本”更具权威，让跨境支付更加透明，让双方可以有更多的信任。

Traditional cross-border payments often require remittance companies to make substantial advances to partners, which do not guarantee the financial security and use of money by remittance companies. Or they need to interact with banks and banks across the globe, such as SWIFT, with long, inefficient, and costly processes.

基于此，OKCion币行开发了OKLink。据介绍，区块链汇款网络OKLink通过发行数字货币OK Dollar 作为传输结算介质，主要面向各国持牌的支付和汇款公司提供2B的服务，加入OKLink网络的金融机构可以向联盟中成员实现点对点的货币支付和兑换。OK Dollar的发行是基于美元的，其币值也和美元严格挂钩，OKLink通过海外信托机构设立了一个信托账户，联盟成员通过向该账户存入美元来获取相应的OK Dollar。同时OKLink还设计了一个类似支付宝的机制，由下游收款机构先兑付给收款人，再通过多重签名的技术，获得来自上游汇款机构汇出的资金。最重要的是运用了区块链技术，将所有交易都实时记录在全球共享的信息平台上，交易即结算。

Based on this, OKCion’s money bank developed OKLink. It was described that the block chain remittance network OKLink provides 2B services through the issuance of digital currency OK Dollar as a transmission medium, mainly for national licensed pay and remittance companies, and that financial institutions participating in the OKLink network can make point-to-point payments and convert to members of the union. OK Dollar was issued on the basis of the United States dollar, its value was strongly linked to that of the dollar. OKLink established a trust account through the Overseas Trust Agency, and its members obtained the corresponding OK Dollar by depositing the account into the United States dollar.

郑荣尧表示，OKLink借助区块链技术极大提高金融网络的传输速度，摒弃中间环节，实现点到点快速且成本低廉的跨境支付，支付结算速度能够实现实时清算，同时省去了大量的手续费。此外，区块链去中心化、信息不可篡改、可追溯等特点，加强了小额跨境支付的安全性、透明性与低风险性。OKLink已经在国际间的小额支付领域实现了较好的布局和发展，覆盖数十个国家和地区。郑荣尧告诉记者：“区块链的技术问题不是最难解决的，重要的是要抓住行业痛点。区块链解决的是网络节点间的信任问题，哪里需要信任，哪里就可以应用区块链。”

In addition, the centralization of the block chain, the integrability of information, and its traceability have enhanced the security, transparency, and low risk of small cross-border payments. OKLink has achieved better layout and development in the international area of small payments, covering dozens of countries and regions.

有困难也有挑战

It's difficult, it's challenging.

区块链作为一种价值技术的平台，其去中心化信任的特征被寄予了深刻变革产业发展的期望，但回归当前发展阶段，区块链的应用距离实现这一愿景仍有很长的路要走。在布比（北京）网络技术有限公司（以下简称布比）创始人兼CEO蒋海看来，这一理想与现实之间，隔着一个“应用场景”。

As a platform for value technology, the decentralised character of the block chain has been placed in the hope of a profound transformation of industrial development, but, back to the current stage of development, the application of the block chain is still a long way from realizing this vision. In the view of Bubi (Beijing) Network Technology Ltd. (hereinafter Bubi) and CEO Jianghai, this ideal and reality are separated from the “application scene.”

锁定区块链应用服务

Lock block chain application service

区块链技术使我们第一次能够从技术层面建立去中心化的信任，提高效率，拓展业务边界，被认为是当前金融科技领域最具颠覆潜力的核心技术，因而备受金融机构和投资机构的追捧。在蒋海看来，其主要原因在于：“这种分布式账本技术，能够构建可信任的多中心w系，有潜力使得当今互联网从信息传递上升到价值传递的新高度，成为未来最重要的金融基础设施。”

For the first time, block-chain technology has enabled us to build decentralized trust at the technical level, to improve efficiency, and to expand operational boundaries, which are considered to be the core of the most destabilizing technologies in the area of financial science and technology today, and are therefore highly appreciated by financial and investment institutions. The main reason for this is that, in Chianghai’s view, “this distributed book technology is capable of building trustable multi-centre w systems, with the potential to bring the Internet today from a new level of transmission of information to a higher level of value, making it the most important financial infrastructure in the future.”

这位中国科学院计算所博士，自2014年开始，就带领着十几人的团队，在接下来的3年左右时间里，用几乎全部的精力集中攻克区块链底层技术，并获得数十项核心专利技术。

The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dr. Calculator, has been leading a dozen teams since 2014, concentrating almost all of his energy over the next three or so years on the bottom of the chain and acquiring dozens of core proprietary technologies.

蒋海认为，区块链技术最终是为金融服务生态的建设服务：“区块链技术主要解决的痛点是提高金融服务中的信任传递效率，降低交易成本。因为，利用区块链，能将分散独立的各自单中心，提升为多方参与的统一多中心，打通金融服务上下游各个环节，促进金融服务的良性生态建设。”

According to Chiang Hai, block chain technology is ultimately a service for building the financial services ecology: “The pain of block chain technology is primarily to improve the efficiency of trust transmission in financial services and to reduce transaction costs. Using block chains, it is possible to separate separate individual centres, upgrade them into integrated multi-participating centres, connect financial services up and down, and promote the virtuous ecology of financial services.”

因此，在底层技术研发上取得突破性进展后，蒋海和他的团队最终将目标锁定在了区块链的改造、优化/创新应用上，即从区块链的上层应用着手提供服务，开发高可扩展高性能的区块链平台。2015年3月，布比在北京成立，正式向探索区块链的商业应用进发。2015年12月，布比在其区块链平台上启动了国内首个区块链商业应用案例。

As a result, as a result of the breakthrough in bottom-level technology development, Chiang Hai and his team eventually targeted the adaptation, optimization/innovation application of the block chain, starting with the upper-level application of the block chain, to develop a high-extensible high-performance block chain platform. Bubi was established in Beijing in March 2015 to officially move forward with the commercial application of the exploration block chain. In December 2015, Bubi launched the country's first block chain commercial application case on its block-chain platform.

将区块链技术“落到实处”

To "get to the ground" block chain technology

作为比特币底层技术的区块链并非一项全新技术，早在2000年前后就有人开始研究，但这一技术为何在近一两年才被普遍关注？蒋海认为，“从技术体系上看，区块链最早可以追溯到2000年前后，当时在密码学界掀起过数字货币的研究浪潮，eCash是典型代表，但是，在技术路线上走了弯路。比特币诞生于2009年，它的技术也有赖于2009年之前的业界探索成果。比特币的成功运行，让业界对区块链技术有了新的认识，并得到了例证。”蒋海表示。

The block chain, a bottom-of-bitcoin technology, was not a whole new technology that began to be studied in 2000 or so, but why did it become a common concern in almost a year or two? According to Chiang Hai, “the technological system, the block chain dates back to the year 2000 or so, when a wave of digital money research was initiated in the cryptology community, and eCash was typical, but it took a turn on the technology route. Bitcoin was born in 2009, and its technology was also dependent on the results of industry exploration up to 2009. Bitcoin's successful operation gave the industry a new understanding of block chain technology and an example.” Chiang Hai said.

然而，在蒋海看来，区块链未来的成功一定是种不同于传统的新模式，需要深入探索出技术与产业融合在服务模式变革上的路径。

However, in Chianghai's view, the future success of the block chain must be a new model that is different from the traditional one and requires further exploration of the ways in which technology and industry can be integrated into changing service models.

毕马威的一份研究报告指出，2017年，投资人对区块链领域将回归理性，整个行业的首要任务是停止概念验证测试，认识区块链目前能达到的能力，开发可以部署到生产环境的方案，提高区块链解决方案的成熟度。

A study by KPMG noted that in 2017, investors would return to rationality in the area of block chains, and that the primary task for the industry as a whole would be to stop the conceptual validation tests, recognize the capabilities currently achieved in block chains, develop programmes that could be deployed to the production environment, and enhance the maturity of block chain solutions.

“就发展前景而言，区块链将有潜力深刻影响金融服务的基础设施。布比将秉持脚踏实地为客户解决实际问题的态度，通过深入产业，与合作伙伴一道，打造新一代价值流通网络。”蒋海表示。在后续发展中，布比还考虑在区块链技术的基础上，将大数据、云计算技术也融合进来。“主要是利用大数据技术解决区块链应用中的大规模数据存储及分析，利用云计算技术解决区块链应用中的部署及运维。”蒋海说。

“As far as development prospects are concerned, the block chain will have the potential to profoundly affect the infrastructure of financial services. Bubi will work with partners to build a new generation of value-flowing networks through deep industry, with a view to solving real problems for clients.” Chiang Hai said. In the follow-up development, Bubi is also considering the integration of big data and cloud computing techniques based on block chain technology. “Most important data technologies are used to solve large-scale data storage and analysis in block chain applications, and cloud computing techniques are used to solve deployments and transports in block chain applications.” Chiang Hai said.

万事俱备，重在场景

Everything's ready. Let's get back to the scene.

但这项工作的推进存在不小的实际难度。“客观上讲，区块链本身仅仅是一项新技术，本身并不构成产业，这项技术能否驱动产业发展，或者能否产生新的商业模式，完全取决于应用场景。”蒋海指出，“金融机构在应用区块链的态度上是积极的，但说到他们使用这些区块链技术的动力，还需要找到合适的业务场景。”

But there is no major practical difficulty in moving forward. “Objectively, the block chain itself is just a new technology that does not constitute an industry, and whether it can drive industrial development or generate new business models depends entirely on the application landscape.” As Chianghai notes, “financial institutions are positive in their approach to the application of the block chain, but they need to find the right business scene when it comes to the motivation to use these block chain technologies.”

作为国内较早从事区块链应用研究的企业，布比进行了大胆的探索和尝试。据蒋海介绍，布比区块链已经被应用于数字资产、贸易金融、股权债券、供应链溯源、联合征信、公示公证、数据安全等领域。“布比一直致力于提升区块链技术产品化程度。2016年，布比推出了开放的区块链服务――布萌数字资产网络，这是区块链应用模式的一大创新。”蒋海说。据悉，在布萌数字资产网络上，企业机构可通过服务接口将自己的应用接入布萌，并发行/登记资产，诸如保单、黄金、理财产品、游戏装备、卡卷、商业积分等多种资产，这些资产在布萌网络自由流通，最大地发挥它们的价值。

As an early domestic enterprise engaged in block chain application research, Bubi has made bold explorations and attempts. According to Chiang Hai, Bubi block chains have been applied to digital assets, trade finance, equity bonds, supply chain traceability, joint mail, publicity, data security. “Bubi has been working to enhance the technical productization of block chains. In 2016, Bubi launched an open block chain service - the Bumbing Digital Asset Network, a major innovation in the block chain application model.

蒋海告诉记者，未来，布比将从6大方面推动区块链技术在各种场景中的应用：

Chiang Hai told journalists that, in the future, Bubi would promote the application of block chain technology in a variety of scenarios in six major areas:

第一，快速应用构建，多模式的账本结构及业务模型，方便快速构建应用。

First, fast-track construction, multi-modal account structure and business models facilitate fast-building applications.

第二，海量用户支撑，高效交易验证和同步，支撑大规模应用场景。

Second, large-scale user support, efficient transaction validation and synchronization support large-scale application scenarios.

第三，可视化运维管理，从网络、系统、业务层面提供可视化的运营管理。

Third, visualization of transport management, which provides visualized operational management at the network, system and operational levels.

第四，隐私权限策略，丰富的权限策略配置，依据应用需求进行隐私保护。

Fourth, the privacy rights strategy, the rich competency strategy configuration, and the protection of privacy based on application needs.

什么是区块链？

What's a block chain?

一种去中心化的分布式账本数据库，没有中心，数据存储的每个节点都会同步复制整个账本，信息透明难以篡改

A decentralised distributed account database, with no centre, every node in the data store is synchronized to copy the entire account, and information transparency is difficult to tamper with.

近几年，越来越多的机构开始重视并参与区块链技术研发。从最初的比特币、以太坊，到各种类型的区块链创业公司、风险投资基金、金融机构，贴上“区块链”标签，立马就“金光闪闪”。不仅如此，很多人的微信朋友圈也被各种解读区块链的文章刷屏。

In recent years, more and more institutions have focused on and participated in the development of block chains. From the initial bitcoin, Ether, to the various types of block chain start-ups, venture capital funds, financial institutions, labeled “block chains” and “gold flashes” immediately.

那么，到底什么是区块链？

So, what the hell is a block chain?

工信部指导发布的《中国区块链技术和应用发展白皮书2016》这样解释：广义来讲，区块链技术是利用块链式数据结构来验证与存储数据、利用分布式节点共识算法来生成和更新数据、利用密码学的方式保证数据传输和访问的安全、利用由自动化脚本代码组成的智能合约来编程和操作数据的一种全新的分布式基础架构与计算范式。

The Chinese White Paper on Block Chain Technology and Applied Development 2016, published under the direction of the Ministry of Information and Communications, explains that block chain technology is, broadly speaking, a completely new distributed infrastructure and computational paradigm for programming and operating data using a block-chain data structure to validate and store data, using distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, using cryptography to secure data transmission and access, and using smart contracts made up of automated script codes.

交通银行金融研究中心高级研究员何飞进行了通俗解释：“简单地说，区块链就是一种去中心化的分布式账本数据库。”去中心化，即与传统中心化的方式不同，这里是没有中心，或者说人人都是中心；分布式账本数据库，意味着记载方式不只是将账本数据存储在每个节点，而且每个节点会同步共享复制整个账本的数据。同时，区块链还具有去中介化、信息透明等特点。

The Senior Researcher at the Center for Financial Studies of Transport Banks explained in general terms: “Simply put, the block chain is a decentralised distributed book database.” Decentralized, unlike the traditional centralization, where there is no centre, or where everyone is central; distributed book database, which means that not only does the account data be stored in each node, but the data for copying the entire account are shared simultaneously at each node. At the same time, the block chain has the characteristics of deintermediary, transparency of information, etc.

“区块链技术本质上是一种数据库技术，具体讲就是一种账本技术。账本记录一个或多个账户资产变动、交易情况，其实是一种结构最为简单的数据库，我们平常在小本本上记的流水账、银行发过来的对账单，都是典型的账本。”腾讯金融科技智库首席研究员王钧说，安全是区块链技术的一大特点，主要体现在两方面：一是分布式的存储架构，节点越多，数据存储的安全性越高；二是其防篡改和去中心化的巧妙设计，任何人都很难不按规则修改数据。

“The block chain technology is essentially a database technology, specifically an account technology. The book records the movements of assets and transactions in one or more accounts, and is in fact the simplest of a database, and the flowbooks and bank statements that we usually record in the small book are typical of the accounts.” Wang Jing, Chief Researcher of the Tseng Financial Science and Technology think tank, said that security is a major feature of the block chain technology, mainly in two ways: a distributed storage structure, with more nodes and more security of data storage; and its subtle design of tampering and decentralization, which makes it difficult for anyone to change data without following the rules.

以网购交易为例，传统模式是买家购买商品，然后将钱打到第三方支付机构这个中介平台，等卖方发货、买方确认收货后，再由买方通知支付机构将钱打到卖方账户。由区块链技术支撑的交易模式则不同，买家和卖家可直接交易，无需通过任何中介平台。买卖双方交易后，系统通过广播的形式发布交易信息，所有收到信息的主机在确认信息无误后记录下这笔交易，相当于所有的主机都为这次交易做了数据备份。即使今后某台机器出现问题，也不会影响数据的记录，因为还有无数台机器作为备份。

In the case of network purchase transactions, for example, the traditional model is that the buyer buys the goods and then calls the money to the intermediary platform of the third-party paying agency, waiting for the seller to send the goods and the buyer to confirm their receipt before the buyer informs the paying agency to call the money into the seller’s account. The pattern of transactions supported by block chain technology is different, so that buyers and sellers can deal directly without any intermediary platform.

提到区块链，很多人就把它与比特币联系在一起，不少人甚至把区块链等同为比特币。何飞说，比特币是区块链的一种呈现方式，但区块链并不等同于比特币。区块链是比特币的底层技术和基础架构，而比特币是区块链的成功应用，但并不意味着区块链只能应用到比特币上。

When it comes to block chains, many associate them with bitcoin, and many equate them with bitcoin. How do you say that bitcoin is a way of presenting the bitcoin chain, but the block chain does not amount to bitcoin? The block chain is the bottom technology and infrastructure of bitcoin, while bitcoin is the successful application of bitcoin, but it does not mean that the block chain can only be applied to bitcoins.

区块链有什么用？

What's the use of block chains?

能解决金融、公益、监管、打假等很多领域的痛点难点，但有不少适用条件

It's a bit difficult to deal with many areas, such as finance, public goods, regulation, counterfeiting, but there are a lot of applicable conditions.

金融服务是区块链技术的第一个应用领域。运用区块链技术能解决支付、资产管理、证券等多个领域存在的痛点。

Financial services are the first area of application of block chain technology. The use of block chain technology can address pain points in a number of areas, such as payments, asset management, securities, etc.

以支付领域为例，金融机构特别是跨境金融机构间的对账、清算、结算的成本较高，涉及很多手工流程，不仅导致用户端和金融机构后台业务端等产生高昂的费用，也使得小额支付业务难以开展。区块链技术的应用有助于降低金融机构间的对账成本及争议解决的成本，显著提高支付业务的处理效率。另外，区块链技术为支付领域带来的成本和效率优势，使金融机构能更好处理以往因成本过高而被视为不现实的小额跨境支付，有助于实现普惠金融。

In the area of payments, for example, the high cost of reconciliation, liquidation, and settlement between financial institutions, especially cross-border financial institutions, involves a number of manual processes, which not only result in high costs for users and financial institutions’ back-office operations, but also make small payment operations difficult. The application of block-chain technologies helps to reduce the cost of reconciliation and dispute resolution between financial institutions and significantly improves the processing efficiency of payment operations. Moreover, block-chain technologies bring costs and efficiency advantages to the area of payments, enable financial institutions to better deal with small cross-border payments that were previously considered unrealistic because of excessive costs, and help to achieve inclusive finance.

比如，为解决金融机构间对账成本高的问题，2016年8月，微众银行联合上海华瑞银行推出微粒贷机构间对账平台，这也是国内首个在生产环境中运行的银行业联盟链应用场景。微众银行区块链首席架构师张开翔认为，传统“批量文件对账”模式长久以来未能解决的成本高问题，正是区块链技术的用武之地。随后，洛阳银行、长沙银行也相继接入机构间对账平台，通过区块链技术，优化微粒贷业务中的机构间对账流程，实现了准实时对账、提高运营效率、降低运营成本等目标。截至目前，平台稳定运行1年多，保持零故障，记录的真实交易笔数已达千万量级。

For example, in August 2016, Microbanks, in conjunction with the Shanghai-Warish Bank, launched an inter-agency platform for bank reconciliations, the country’s first banking union application operating in a productive environment. The chief architect of the chain of microbanks opened up the argument that the traditional “volume document reconciliation” model had not been able to solve the high cost problem for a long time.

在公益领域，区块链技术也大有可为。蚂蚁金服涉及区块链的首个应用场景就是公益，帮助一群听障儿童获得一笔善款，然后运用区块链技术促进公益更加开放透明。蚂蚁金服技术实验室高级产品专家胡丹青说：“区块链公益平台就像是我们在互联网上构建了一个专门用于邮寄资金的邮局。用户捐的每一笔钱，我们都会打包成一个包裹，这个包裹通过区块链平台传递，每经过一个节点，我们都会盖上一个邮戳，最后送到受捐人手上。这样可以保证用户捐的每一笔钱都是透明、可追溯、难以篡改的。”

In the area of public goods, there is much to be gained from block-chain technology. The first application of an ant gold suit involving a block chain is a public good, helping a group of children with hearing impairments to receive a sum of money, and then using block-chain technology to promote greater openness and transparency in the public good. Hu Thanqing, a senior product expert at the ants gold-suit technical laboratory, said, "The block-chain public-service platform is like a post office that we have built on the Internet for mailing money. Every money donated by a user, we wrap it in a package that passes through a block-chain platform, and every time we pass through a node, we put a stamp on it and finally deliver it to the donor. This ensures that every money donated by a user is transparent, traceable and difficult to tamper with."

在商品打假方面，区块链技术可以大显身手。胡丹青介绍，蚂蚁金服将区块链技术用在了正品溯源上。目前，已有部分来自澳大利亚、新西兰的海淘商品比如奶粉，用支付宝扫一扫，就能知道是不是正品。“跟此前商家自录入商品信息不同的是，区块链是让多位‘记账师’公正、独立、不可抵赖地完成记账。”

In the case of commodity counterfeiting, block chain technology can be highly visible. Hutting described the use of block chain technology in ants. So far, some of Australia's and New Zealand's nectar products, such as milk powder, have been cleaned up with payment treasures. “Contrary to previous merchants' self-recording of commodity information, block chains allow multiple `bookkeepers' to do their books fairly, independently and irrevocably.”

对于金融监管，区块链技术也能发挥一技之长。2017年金融区块链合作联盟(深圳)发布的《金融区块链底层平台FISCO BCOS白皮书》认为，区块链为金融监管机构提供了一致且易于审计的数据，通过对机构间区块链的数据分析，能够比传统审计流程更快更精确地监管金融业务。例如，在反洗钱场景中，每个账号的余额和交易记录都是可追踪的，任意一笔交易的任何一个环节都不会脱离监管视线，这将极大提高反洗钱的力度。

In financial regulation, block chain technology can also be of great use. The 2017 White Paper on FISCO BCOS, published by the Coalition for Financial Block Chain Cooperation (Shen Shenzhen), found that block chains provide consistent and easily auditable data for financial regulators and, through data analysis of inter-agency block chains, can regulate financial operations faster and more precisely than traditional audit processes. For example, in the anti-money-laundering scenario, the balances and transaction records of each account number are traceable and no link in any single transaction is out of control, which will greatly enhance the anti-money-laundering effort.

有业内人士认为，区块链1.0主要针对数字货币；区块链2.0针对智能合约，可以应用在金融市场中；区块链3.0适用的场景将会更多，甚至会开创一个“区块链时代”。

According to some insiders, block chain 1.0 is primarily for digital currency; block chain 2.0 is for smart contracts and can be applied in financial markets; block chain 3.0 will be more likely to apply and even create an “age of block chain”.

何飞认为，区块链确实能解决很多领域的痛点难点，但区块链不是万能的，也有很多适用条件。

He believed that the block chain could indeed solve the pain in many areas, but that the block chain was not all-embracing and that there were many conditions for its application.

比如，区块链技术去中心化的特点适合多方参与的场景，如果只是单边或双边参与价值就不大。由于需要每个节点都去核对，区块链技术也不适用那些高频交易的活动。

For example, block chain technologies are not suitable for high-frequency transactions because of the need to check each node.

再如，区块链强调的是公开透明，并不适合对数据隐私要求特别高的场景。

For example, block chains emphasize openness and transparency and are not suitable for scenarios where data privacy is particularly demanding.

区块链会成新风口吗？

Does the block chain turn into a new wind?

技术目前还不太成熟，要警惕概念炒作，特别要区分是技术创新还是集资创新，不能为了区块链而区块链

The technology is not yet mature, and beware of the concept, especially whether it is technological or financial innovation, and not for the sake of the chain of blocks.

区块链概念这么火，未来会成为又一个“互联网+”吗？

Is the block chain concept so hot that it'll become another Internet+ in the future?

近年来，区块链的发展生态逐渐得到改善与丰富。业内人士认为，拥有国家政策扶持，得到广泛关注和资金支持，区块链技术能实现逐步稳定进步。区块链技术上行前景虽广阔，但对此也要保持一颗平常心。

In recent years, the development ecology of the block chain has been gradually improved and enriched.

“尽管眼下区块链大热，但我们仍然认为，它还处于一个非常早期的阶段。”胡丹青说，区块链概念目前存在虚热，不是热在拿技术解决现实问题，而是热在集资圈钱、炒作估值，尤其是热炒的绝大部分所谓ICO(首次代币发行)都是集资工具创新，跟技术创新无关。

“Although the chain of blocks is hot right now, we still believe that it is at a very early stage.” Hutting says that the block chain concept is currently in a state of inflammation, not of technology to solve real problems, but of fund-raising circles, of valuation, and especially of the vast majority of the so-called ICOs (first issue of tokens), which are innovation in fund-raising tools and have nothing to do with technological innovation.

区块链技术确实能创造很大的价值，但一些风险也不容忽视。

Block chain technology can indeed create a great deal of value, but some risks cannot be ignored.

“区块链技术还不太成熟，可应用场景比较有限，更应警惕资本市场炒作概念。”何飞说，区块链热潮的背后免不了会有一些搞噱头想投机的公司，他们并没有真正开展业务，只是企图到资本市场捞一笔就走，要谨防由此出现“劣币驱逐良币”，导致真正想开展业务的机构退出市场，影响区块链技术的应用。

“Technology of block chains is not yet mature and can be applied in a more limited way, and the concept of capital markets should be more vigilant.” He said that behind the hot tide of block chains there would be companies that wanted to speculate, and that they did not really do business, but simply attempted to make a profit in the capital market, lest the resulting “deportation of good currency by bad currency” lead to the withdrawal of institutions that really wanted to do business from the market and influence the application of block chain technology.

胡丹青建议，对于目前的区块链热，监管部门应更主动地介入，区分是技术创新还是集资创新，鼓励政府组织、有公信力的专家、行业参与者共同帮助公众辨识，全面遏制区块链名义下的集资创新，让ICO实际控制人必须为集资行为承担责任。“判断是技术创新还是集资创新的依据其实很清楚，即是否以信任为始，是否通过解决信任问题创造了实际价值。”

Hutting suggested that, for the current block chain heat, regulators should be more proactive in distinguishing between technological innovation and financing innovation, encouraging government organizations, credible experts and industry participants to work together to help the public identify and fully curb fund-raising innovation in the name of the block chain, and holding the ICO effectively in control of fund-raising activities accountable. “It is clear whether technological innovation or fund-raising innovation is based on trust and whether it creates real value by addressing trust issues.”

今后更好地推广和使用区块链技术，还需继续完善基础设施、加强相关法律政策制定等。

Better diffusion and use of block chain technology in the future will require continued improvement of infrastructure, strengthening of relevant legal policy formulation, etc.

王钧认为，共识算法等区块链的核心技术尚存在优化和完善的空间；另一方面，区块链的处理效率还难以达到现实中一些高频度应用环境的要求。目前主流的区块链技术平台均发源于国外，国内的区块链技术服务商要耐心地从底层开发做起，做到技术自主可控，争取引领全球区块链技术发展。拥有区块链应用场景的企业，要积极拥抱新事物，同时科学评估上链需求，不能为了区块链而区块链。

Wang Xing believes that there is room for optimization and refinement of the core technology of block chains, such as consensus algorithms; on the other hand, the efficiency of block chains is difficult to cope with some of the high-frequency applications in reality. The current mainstream block chain technology platform is foreign in origin, and the country’s block chain technical service providers are patient in starting from the bottom, making technology self-control and seeking to lead the global block chain technological development.

1 区块链的产生及其运行机制

1. Generation of block chains and mechanisms for their operation

区块链起源于比特币。2008年11月1日，中本聪发表了《比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统》一文，比特币由此诞生。2009年1月3日第一个序号为0的比特币区块诞生，6天之后序号为1的区块也随之出现，与序号为0的创世区块相连接形成了链式结构，区块链正式诞生。

On November 1, 2008, Bintco published " Bitcoin: an electronic cash system for point-to-point ", which led to the birth of Bitcoin. On January 3, 2009, the first serial number zero was born, followed by a block number one six days later, which formed a chain structure linked to the creation block number zero, and the chain was officially born.

从本质上看，区块链技术是一种不依赖第三方、通过自身分布式节点进行网络数据的存储、验证、传递和交流的一种技术方案。简单来说，区块链等同于一个大型数据库，将其视为一本账本，在一段时间内找到记账最好最快的人，由其进行记账，之后将账本信息发给系统内所有人，所有人维护同一个账本，也就是一种典型的分布式共享的记账方法。

In essence, block chain technology is a technology that stores, authenticates, transmits and communicates network data without relying on third parties and through their own distributed nodes. In simple terms, block chains are equivalent to a large database, which is considered to be an account book for which the fastest person to record will be found over a period of time and the information will then be sent to the owners of the system, who will maintain the same account book, a typical method of distributed sharing.

2 金融行业区块链技术应用的可行性分析

2 Feasibility analysis of technology applications for block chains in the financial sector

2.1 去中心化

2.1 Decentralization

在传统交易中，我们往往通过第三方中介作为信任中心实现交易，比如消费者和商家的交易依赖于银行支付。区块链技术认为第三方信任中心的存在不仅使得交易双方缺乏信任，泄露交易双方信息，而且增加了交易费用，因而采用了点对点的直接交易方式。在这种模式之下，共识和互相信任会在交易双方进行数据交换时自动达成，不仅可以确保信息安全，与此同时有效地提高了效率并且降低交易成本。

In traditional transactions, we often do business through third-party intermediaries, such as consumer and merchant transactions dependent on bank payments. Block-chain technology believes that the existence of a third-party trust centre not only results in a lack of trust between the parties, the disclosure of information between the parties, but also increases transaction costs, thereby introducing a point-to-point approach to direct transactions.

2.2 匿名化

2.2 Anonymousization

由于采用计算机算法实现了去信任的点对点直接交易模式，各个节点之间没有必要公开自己的身份，交易双方传递信息都是通过公共地址来实现，尽管区块链上的全部数据都是公开透明的，由所有人共享，但数据并没有具体绑定到每个个体，从而有效地实现了匿名性，极大的保护了个人的隐私。

Since computer algorithms have achieved a direct point-to-point transaction mode of trust, there is no need for disclosure of identity between nodes, and both parties to the transaction transmit information through public addresses. While all data on the block chain are open and transparent and shared by all, data are not specifically tied to each individual, thus effectively achieving anonymity and protecting the privacy of the individual.

2.3 信息安全性

2.3 Information security

区块链技术下系统内部全部交易记录都自动储存在相应的数据区块当中，配合时间戳的技术，即每个区块上的记录都有发生时间和顺序，可以对每笔交易记录进行追踪查询，如果个人想要篡改，必须取得51%及以上的人认可才行，这在数据和用户量极大的现实条件下几乎是不可能实现的，因而可以有效解决交易后的纷争等问题。

All transaction records within the block chain system are automatically stored in the corresponding data blocks, in conjunction with the time-stamping technique, that is, the time and sequence of the records on each block, which allows tracking of each transaction record, and if an individual wishes to tamper with it, it must be accepted by 51 per cent or more, which is almost impossible to achieve under the most realistic conditions of data and user availability, so that post-trading disputes can be effectively resolved.

2.4 开放性

2.4 Openness

区块链的数据系统对所有人是开放的，除了每个交易方的私有信息是被加密处理之外，每个人都可以通过公共的接口查询寻找区块链数据，所以整个系统信息透明度极高，交易方获取信息更加便捷。

The block chain data system is open to all and, with the exception of the private information of each trader being encrypted, everyone can search for block chain data through public interfaces, so the system as a whole is highly transparent and the parties to the transaction have easier access to information.

3 区块链技术在金融业的主要应用

3. Key applications of block chain technology in the financial sector

“互联网+金融”的发展使得全世界范围内传统金融的业务模式发生了改变，区块链技术的发展对于社会金融体系的发展也产生了深远的影响，由其当前直销银行、互联网券商等的发展重点在于经营模式的改变，而区块链技术的发展则会使得金融业更接近其本质――信用。

The development of “Internet+finance” has led to changes in the business model of traditional finance worldwide, and the development of block-chain technology has had a profound impact on the development of the social financial system, with its current development of direct-selling banks, Internet voucher dealers, etc., focusing on changes in business models, while the development of block-chain technology will bring the financial sector closer to its essence - credit.

3.1 数字货币

3.1 Digital currency

目前，以比特币为代表的数字货币是区块链技术最为广泛，也是最为成功的应用。在比特币的基础上，衍生了莱特币、狗狗币、瑞波币等一系列竞争币。世界上曾经先后出现数千种的数字货币，目前还存在的大概有七百多种。

At present, digital currency, represented by bitcoin, is the most extensive and successful application of block-chain technology. On the basis of bitcoin, a series of competing currencies, such as Letco, Dogcoin, and Ripcoin, are derived.

数字化的货币凭借去中心化和交易相对频繁的特点，具有相对较高的交易流通价值并且能够维持相对稳定，全球区块链信用体系今后一旦形成，数字货币会得到更广泛的应用。传统的国际货币支付结算系统中，美元占据着绝对优势地位，人民币没有足够的力量去和美元直接进行竞争，但之后人民币也许可以借助数字货币的发展实现国际化。在之前召开的中央人民银行数字货币研讨会上，央行也明确了发行数字货币的战略目标，研究其多场景应用。

Digital currencies, by virtue of their relative frequency of decentralization and transactions, have relatively high transaction value and are able to maintain relative stability, and the digital currency will be used more widely in the future once a global block-chain credit system is formed. In the traditional international monetary payment settlement system, the dollar has an absolute advantage, and the renminbi does not have sufficient power to compete directly with the dollar, but it may then be internationalized with the development of digital money.

3.2 支付、转账与清算

3.2 Payments, transfers and liquidation

当前发展条件下，商业贸易的支付与清算全都依赖于传统的银行体系，这种方式进行的转账清算要经过开户行、对手行、清算组织、境外银行等多个组织参与以及十分繁冗复杂的流程，花费时间长而且使用成本高。相比之下，区块链技术在交易双方之间创造直接的付款流程从而避开繁杂的流程，能够为用户提供跨境支付以及任意币种的实时支付结算，低价而且迅速，无需任何手续费。

Under the current conditions of development, payment and liquidation of commercial trade are all dependent on the traditional banking system, whereby transfers are settled over long periods of time and at high cost through the involvement of multiple organizations, such as open-account banks, counterparty banks, liquidating organizations, offshore banks, and very cumbersome and complex processes. By contrast, block-chain technology creates direct payment processes between the parties to the transaction, thus avoiding cumbersome processes, allows users to make payments across borders and in real-time payments in any currency, at low prices and quickly without any processing fees.

在跨境支付领域，Ripple支付体系已经开始实验性应用，作为世界上第一家国际网络支付公司，其利用通用的全球基础架构连接孤立的网络，为不同的成员银行提供软件接入Ripple网络，以分布式账本的方式做到实时结算，同时，银行的交易支付信息通过加密算法进行隐藏，只有银行自身的系统可以进行追踪查询，确保了交易的安全性和私密性，提高了金融的结算效率。

In the area of cross-border payments, the Ripple payment system has begun to be applied experimentally as the first international network payer in the world, connecting isolated networks using a common global infrastructure, providing software access to the Ripple network for different member banks to enable real-time settlements in distributed accounts, while bank transaction payment information is concealed through cryptographic algorithms and only the bank's own system can trace and search, ensuring the safety and privacy of transactions and improving financial settlement efficiency.

3.3 金融基础设施

3.3 Financial infrastructure

区块链技术独特的去中心化的方式能够使得传统的中心化为特征的金融基础设施产生较大的改变。首先，股票、债券、衍生品等资产传统方式下需要在相应的信任机构进行登记、保管，区块链技术可以以全新的分布式账户对数据进行记录、保存、管理，使其无法篡改并增强市场信息的透明度和可靠性；其次，智能合约功能的发展使得货币可编程化，支付可以在特定条件下执行。比如，央行发行一种特定的数字货币，制定某种政策，只有达到条件才可以以该种数字货币支付。

The technologically unique decentralization of the block chain can make a significant difference in the traditional financial infrastructure characterized by centralization. First, the traditional way in which assets such as stocks, bonds, derivatives, etc. are registered and kept in the appropriate trust institutions, the block chain technology can record, preserve, manage data in a completely new distributed account, make it impossible to tamper with and enhance the transparency and reliability of market information; and secondly, the development of smart contract functions allows money to be programmed and paid under certain conditions. For example, central banks issue a specific digital currency and formulate a policy that can be paid in that digital currency only if the conditions are met.

3.4 银行征信管理

3.4 Bank letter management

目前，商业银行对所有信用主体包括企业和个人在进行信贷业务的开展时，最基础的考量都是借款主体本身的金融信用。商业银行会把每个主体的信用信息全部上传到中央银行的征信系统，在需要的时候，先取得客户的授权然后再从征信中心下载参考。在这种情况下无法避免的出现信息不完整、使用成本高以及数据不准确的问题。然而在区块链技术下，可以依靠相关算法自动进行信用信息的记录，然后存储在区块链系统的所有计算机上，进而客户在申请贷款时，商业银行可以在获得客户准许的情况下直接调取相应区块链上的信息完成征信工作。

At present, the most basic consideration for commercial banks in the conduct of credit operations for all credit subjects, including businesses and individuals, is that of the borrower’s own financial credit. Commercial banks upload the credit information of each subject to the central bank’s credit system and, when required, obtain a client’s authorization before downloading it from the credit collection centre. In such cases, problems of incomplete information, high cost of use, and inaccuracy of data cannot be avoided.

4 区块链技术应用的主要困难

4 Main difficulties in the application of block chain technology

从目前实践的进展来看，区块链技术在金融业的应用大多处于测试与构想阶段，距离在社会的广泛应用还面临着很多挑战。

In terms of progress in current practice, block-chain technology applications in the financial sector are mostly at the testing and conceptual stages, with many challenges ahead of its widespread application in society.

4.1 技术问题

4.1 Technical issues

目前区块链技术的发展仍然处于初步阶段，其广泛应用仍然面临许多技术问题：

The development of block chain technology is still at an early stage, and its wide application still faces many technical problems:

①没有成熟可用的直观产品。区块链应用尚处于开发状态，相比之下，互联网有浏览器和各种客户端实现信息的浏览、传递、应用。

1 There are no mature intuitive products available. Block chain applications are still under development, compared to Internet browsers and various clients to access, transmit, and apply information.

②灵活性较差。区块链的信息在写入之后将无法更改，会使得交易不可以回退。

2 The flexibility is poor. The information in the block chain cannot be changed after writing, which prevents the transaction from retreating.

③区块链的容量问题。区块链的信息是一个不断积累增加的过程，下一个区块信息会大于前一个区块，长此以往，伴随着区块的信息量不断增大，对存储空间的占用量也在不断增加，从而带来的信息验证、存储、容量问题有待解决。

Question of the capacity of the block chain. The information of the block chain is a process of increasing accumulation. The next block information will be larger than that of the previous block. Over time, the amount of information on the block has increased and the amount of space occupied by the storage space has increased, resulting in problems of information validation, storage and capacity that need to be resolved.

④安全问题突出，难以保证其安全性。区块链网络的安全性是建立在有大量的可信的节点之上，确保可信节点不被攻击是一项十分重要的挑战，与此同时也要确保用户的私钥的安全性，防止黑客攻击窃取信息。此外，还有交易时间延迟过长、确认流程等诸多问题。

The security of the block chain network is based on a large number of credible nodes, and ensuring that credible nodes are not attacked is a very important challenge, while also ensuring the security of the user’s private key and preventing hackers from attacking and stealing information. In addition, there are a number of issues, such as excessive delays in transactions and confirmation processes.

4.2 监管问题

4.2 Regulatory issues

金融领域对监管的要求是十分严格的，由其对于金融科技的前沿技术。区块链技术特有的去中心化以及自我管理和集体维护的方式改变了传统的交易模式，对政府部门的管理起到一定的冲击，也影响到法律制度的安排。此外，区块链技术的发展尚且处于初步阶段，缺少完善的体系，即使对于十分成熟的比特币，不同的国家也有不同的态度，大多数国家仍然保持谨慎观望的态度。以上问题使得在区块链发展的各项经济活动过程中可能缺乏相应的必要的规范和制约，增大市场主体所面临的风险。

In addition, the development of block-chain technology is still at an early stage, and the lack of a well-developed system, even for well-developed bitcoin and different countries, has led to a cautious approach. These problems have led to a possible lack of the necessary regulations and constraints in the development of economic activities in the block chain, increasing the risks faced by market players.

4.3 竞争压力

4.3 Competition pressures

人类社会的发展是不可估量的，虽然目前区块链技术受到青睐，但如果出现更加高效合理的技术，人们会立刻选择另外的技术。比如，区块链技术在信息传递上具有极高的安全性，只有个人才能通过私钥打开信息，而量子通信技术通过量子纠缠效应同样可以达到安全保障，并且量子技术也有了长久的发展。所以说，区块链技术也面临着来自竞争性技术的压力。

The development of human society is incalculable, although current block-chain technology is favoured, if more efficient and rational technologies are available, one immediately chooses another. For example, block-chain technology is extremely secure in the transmission of information, only individuals can open information through private keys, and quantum communication technology can also achieve security through quantum entanglement, as well as long-term development of quantum technology.

5 区块链技术的应用措施

5 Measures for the application of block chain technology

5.1 关注技术发展动向，加强对技术的研究

5.1 Focus on technological developments and enhance research on technology

区块链技术仍然处于初步发展阶段，未来技术的发展如何需要不断研究探索。

Block chain technology is still in its initial stages of development, and future technological developments will require continuous research and exploration.

为此，首先，国外技术的发展更快，我们应该密切关注国外银行和机构对于区块链的研究进展，尤其是在区块链所面临的瓶颈上的突破，不断进行应用评估，加强对外合作和交流，同时，积极参与区块链发展的国际标准和国际规则的制定，共同研究制定行业标准，取得主动权和话语权；

To this end, first of all, the development of foreign technology has accelerated, and we should pay close attention to the progress of research by foreign banks and institutions on block chains, in particular the breakthroughs in the bottlenecks faced by block chains, through continuous application assessments, enhanced external cooperation and communication, and through active participation in the development of international standards and international rules for block chain development, joint research into industry standards and the acquisition of ownership and voice;

其次，充分利用国家创新驱动战略的政策支持，推进产学研相结合，以专业的研究团队确立研究方向，通过对不同应用场景的不断测试分析，模拟建立若干区块链，探索全新技术标准；

Second, making full use of the policy support of the national innovation-driven strategy, promoting a combination of research and production, setting the direction of research with a professional research team, simulating the creation of a number of block chains and exploring new technological standards through continuous testing and analysis of different application scenarios;

再次，加大对民间区块链研究的政策支持，鼓励参与，建立区块链项目投资基金。

Thirdly, there is increased policy support for the study of the civil block chain, encouraging participation and the establishment of a block chain project investment fund.

5.2 完善对技术的监管体系

5.2 Improving the regulatory system for technology

国家监管机构对于区块链发展的态度以及规范力度对行业的发展至关重要。

The attitude of national regulators towards the development of the block chain and the level of regulation are essential to the development of the industry.

首先，区块链的发展要求与我国传统的金融监管思路有一定的矛盾，务必要加强与监管部门之间的沟通和交流，在符合监管部门需要的同时努力获得认可与支持，同时，也可以利用区块链技术的思路对监管手段和方式进行补充发展；

First, there is some contradiction between the development of the block chain and our traditional approach to financial regulation. It is important to strengthen communication and communication with the regulatory authorities and to seek recognition and support while meeting the needs of the regulatory sector, while at the same time complementing the development of regulatory instruments and modalities with the technical approach of the block chain;

其次，成立专项研究小组，加强在区块链技术领域的立法研究，加强对新技术法律法规的国际交流，出台行业规范和标准，从而限制市场上的投资活动，保障参与主体的利益，降低金融创新的风险；

Secondly, the establishment of specialized research groups to strengthen legislative research in the technical field of block chains, to strengthen international exchange of new technology laws and regulations and to introduce industry norms and standards, thereby limiting investment activities in the market, safeguarding the interests of the participants and reducing the risk of financial innovation;

再次，明确新的监管体制的改革方向，可以适当借鉴混业监管模式，从区块链技术行业做起，由分业监管向混业监管逐步过渡。

Thirdly, a clear direction for the reform of the new regulatory regime could be drawn from the hybrid model of regulation, starting with the block-link technology sector, with a gradual transition from industry-based regulation to mixed-sector regulation.