以太坊如何挖矿？凡是涉及到币，就一定离不开挖矿。以太坊网络中，想要获得以太坊，也要通过挖矿来实现。那么，说道挖矿，就一定离不开共识机制。
How does Etheria dig? When it comes to coins, it has to dig. When it comes to the Ethernet, it has to be done by digging. Then, when it comes to mining, it has to do with consensus mechanisms.
比特币的共识机制是PoW (这是英文Proof of Work的缩写，意思是“工作量证明机制”)。简单来说，就是多劳多得，你付出的计算工作越高，那么你就越有可能第一个找到正确的哈希值，就越有可能得到比特币奖励。但是，比特币的PoW存在着一定的缺陷，就是它处理交易的速度太慢，矿工们需要不断地通过计算来碰撞哈希值，这是劳民伤财且效率低下的。
The consensus mechanism for Bitcoin is PoW (this is the acronym of the English Proof of Work, meaning “ the workload proof mechanism & & rdquo;). In short, the more you can find the right Hashi value, the more likely you are to get the Bitcoin reward. But, the Pow in Bitcoin has a certain flaw that it handles transactions too slowly, and miners need to constantly compute to collide the Hashi value, which is costly and inefficient.
以太坊为了弥补比特币的不足，提出了新的共识机制，名叫PoS(这是英文的缩写，意思是“权益证明”，也有翻译成“股权证明”的)。PoS简单来讲，其实就跟它的字面意思一样：权益、股权，你持有的币越多相当于你的股权越多，你的权益越高。以太坊的PoS就是说：你持币越多，你持有币的时间越久，你的计算难度就会降低，挖矿会容易一些。
In order to make up for Bitcoin's shortcomings, Taiwan has proposed a new consensus mechanism called PoS (in English, meaning “ proof of interest & rdquo; and translation & & & & rdquo; equity proof & & rdquo;). In short, PoS is like its literal meaning: The more you hold, the more you hold, the higher your interest. The more you hold, the longer you hold, the easier your calculation, the easier it is to dig.
说以太坊的共识机制是PoS，没错，但是，PoS只是以太坊发布之初的一个计划或者说目标，目前以太坊采用的共识机制也是PoW，就是比特币那个PoW。在以太坊最初的设定中，以太坊希望能够通过阶段性的升级，在前期依旧采用PoW来构建一个相对稳定的系统，之后逐渐采用PoW+PoS，最后完全过渡到PoS。
To say that the Etherm consensus mechanism is PoS, yes, but Pos is only a plan or goal from the beginning of the Etherm, and the consensus mechanism currently used by Ether is also PoW, that of Bitcoin. In its original design, the Etherms wanted to be able to build a relatively stable system through a phased upgrade, with PoW still being used in the previous period, and then gradually using PoW+PoS, with a complete transition to PoS.
这里涉及到两个信息点，第一个信息点是：以太坊采用的PoW就是比特币那个PoW，但是并不是一模一样的，是有差别的;第二个信息点是：以太坊最初的设定中，希望通过阶段性升级来最终实现由PoW向PoS过渡的。下面的内容，我们来对这两个信息点逐一说明一下。
There are two information points involved, the first one being that: the PoW used in Etheria is the PoW in Bitcoin, but it's not exactly the same, but it's different; the second is that, in its original design, it is hoped that the transition from PoW to PoS will eventually be achieved through a phased upgrade. Here we will describe each of these information points.
第一个信息点：以太坊目前采用的共识机制也是PoW，但是和比特币的PoW稍稍不同。那么，和比特币的PoW到底有什么不同呢?
The first information point: The consensus mechanism currently used by the Etherm is also PoW, but it is slightly different from the one in Bitcoin. So, what is the difference between the one in Bitcoin and the one in Bitcoin?
简单来说，就是以太坊挖矿难度可以调节，比特币挖矿难度不能调节。就好比我们高考，因为各个省份的教学情况、生源人数都不一样，所以高考分为全国卷和各省自主命题。以太坊说我赞成这样分地区出题，比特币说：不行，必须全国同一卷，大家难度都一样!
To put it simply, it's easy to dig a mine in a talisman, and it's difficult to dig a mine in a bitcoin. It's like a high test, which is divided into national volumes and provincial autonomy issues because of the differences in the teaching situation and the number of people in each province. It says that I agree with this sort of division, and Bitcoin says: No, we have to have the same volume in the country, and we all have the same difficulty.
通俗解释，就是，比特币是利用计算机算力做大量的哈希碰撞，列举出各种可能性，来找到一个正确哈希值。而以太坊系统呢，它有一个特殊的公式用来计算之后的每个块的难度。如果某个区块比前一个区块验证的更快，以太坊协议就会增加区块的难度。通过调整区块难度，就可以调整验证区块所需的时间。
The popular explanation is that Bitcoin uses computer computing to do a lot of Hash collisions, citing various possibilities, to find a correct Hashi value. In the case of the Taiwan system, it has a special formula for calculating the difficulty of each block. If a block is tested faster than the previous block, it increases the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the difficulty of the block, the time it takes to verify the block can be adjusted.
以太坊协议规定，难度的动态调整方式是使全网创建新区块的时间间隔为15秒，网络用15秒时间创建区块链，这样一来，因为时间太快，系统的同步性就大大提升，恶意参与者很难在如此短的时间发动51%(也就是半数以上)的算力去修改历史数据。
Under the Tails agreement, it is difficult to adjust dynamically by giving the entire network 15 seconds to create new blocks, and the network 15 seconds to create a chain of blocks, so that, because of the speed of time, the system's synchronization is greatly enhanced, and it is difficult for malicious participants to initiate 51 per cent (i.e. more than half) of their calculations at such a short time to modify historical data.
第二个信息点是：以太坊最初的设定中，希望通过阶段性升级来最终实现由PoW向PoS过渡的。
The second point of information is that, in its original design, it was hoped that the transition from PoW to PoS would eventually be achieved through a phased upgrade.
时间追溯到2014年，在以太坊发布之初，团队宣布将项目的发布分为四个阶段，即Froniter(前沿)、Homestead(家园)、Metropolis(大都会)和Serenity(宁静)。前三个阶段共识机制采用PoW(工作量证明机制)，第四个阶段切换到PoS(权益证明机制)。
It dates back to 2014, when, at the beginning of the Etheria launch, the team announced that the project had been published in four phases, namely Frontité, Homestead, Metropolis and Serenity. The first three phases of the consensus mechanism were based on PoW (the workload certification mechanism) and the fourth phase was switched to PoS (the certificate of interests mechanism).
2015年7月30号，以太坊第一个阶段“前沿”正式发布，这个阶段只适用于开发者使用，开发人员可于在以太坊网络上编写智能合约和去中心化应用程序DAPP，矿工开始进入以太坊网络维护网络安全并挖矿得到以太币。前沿版本类似于测试版，证明以太坊网络到底是不是可靠的。
On July 30, 2015, the first phase & ldquo; Front & rdquo; officially released, this phase applies only to developers, who can prepare smart contracts and decentralised DAPPs on the Ethernet, and miners start entering the Ethernet to maintain network security and dig for mine in TT. The forward version is similar to the test version, proving whether the Ethernet is reliable or not.
2016年3月14日，以太坊进入到第二个阶段“家园”，这一阶段，以太坊提供了钱包功能，让普通用户也可以方便体验和使用以太坊。其他方面没有什么明显的技术提升，只是表明以太坊网络已经可以平稳运行。
On March 14, 2016, Etheria entered the second phase of & ldquo; Home & & rdquo; this stage, where Etheria provides wallets that make it easier for ordinary users to experience and use Ether. There is no obvious technological improvement in other areas, but only an indication that the Etherm network is working smoothly.
2017年9月，以太坊已经进行到第三个阶段“大都会”。“大都会”由拜占庭和君士坦丁堡两次升级组成，这个阶段的的目标是希望能够引入PoW和PoS的混合链模式，为PoW向PoS的顺滑过渡做准备。最近比较热门的“以太坊君士坦丁堡升级”升级的就是这个，在君士坦丁堡升级中呢，以太坊将对底层协议和算法做一些改变，来为实现PoW和PoS奠定良好的基础。
In September 2017, the Etherms began their third phase & ldquo; Metropolis & rdquo; & & & rdquo; & & & & & & & & & & ; made up of two upgrades in Byzantine and Constantinople, with the aim of introducing a mixed chain model of PoW and PoS in the hope of preparing the smooth transition of PoW to PoS. More recently, the popular & ldquo; upgrading & rdquo in Constantinople; and this is what upgrades in Constantinople, where the Tails will make some changes to the bottom agreements and algorithms in order to lay a good foundation for the realization of PoW and PoS.
以太坊挖矿会得到对多少奖励呢?赢得区块创建竞争成功的矿工会得到这么几项收入：
What are the rewards for mining in Ether? The mining unions that won the block to create a competitive competition get so many:
1)静态奖励，5个以太坊;
1) Static incentives, 5 Etheria;
2)区块内所花费的燃料成本，也就是Gas，这部分我们上一期内容讲过;
2) The cost of fuel in the blocks, that is, Gas, which we mentioned in the last issue;
3)作为区块组成部分，包含“叔区块”的额外奖励，每个叔区块可以得到挖矿报酬的1/32作为奖励，也就是5乘以1/32.等于0.15625 个以太坊。
3) As part of the blocks, there are & ldquao; &rdquao; and an additional incentive for each uncle block to receive 1/32 of the fee for mining, i.e. 5 times 1/32. equals 0.15625 to Tails.
这里我们简单解释一下“叔区块”，“叔区块”这个概念是以太坊提出来的，为什么要引进叔块的概念?这还要从比特币说起。在比特币协议中，最长的链被认为是绝对的正确。如果一个块不是最长链的一部分，那么它被称为是“孤块”。一个孤立的块是一个块，它也是合法的，但是可能发现的稍晚，或者是网络传输稍慢，而没有能成为最长的链的一部分。在比特币中，孤块没有意义，随后将被抛弃掉，发现这个孤块的矿工也拿不到采矿相关的奖励。
Here is a simple explanation of & & ldquo; & & rdquo; & & & rdquo; & & & rdquo; this concept was proposed in the Taiku, why did you introduce the concept of an uncle? This has to start with bitcoin. In bitcoin, the longest chain is considered to be absolute. If a piece is not part of the longest chain, it is called & & & & & rdquao; an isolated block is also legal, but it may be found a little late, or it may be transmitted over the Internet, but it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitco, there is no meaning for an orphan, and it will then be abandoned, and the miner who finds it will not be rewarded for mining.
但是，以太坊不认为孤块是没有价值的，以太坊系统也会给与发现孤块的矿工回报。在以太坊中，孤块被称为“叔块”(uncle block)，它们可以为主链的安全作出贡献。 以太坊十几秒的出块间隔太快了，会降低安全性，通过鼓励引用叔块，使引用主链获得更多的安全保证(因为孤块本身也是合法的) ，而且，支付报酬给叔块，还能激发矿工积极挖矿，积极引用叔块，所以，以太坊认为，它是有价值的。
In Ether, the orphans are called “ uncles & & rdquo; uncle block, and they can contribute to the safety of the main chain. The distance of 10 seconds is too fast, it reduces safety, gives more security to the reference chain by encouraging the reference of uncles (as they are legal in themselves), and, by paying for uncles, they also inspire miners to actively dig mines and actively quote uncles them, so that, in the view of the community, it is valuable.
总结一下，本期我们主要介绍了以太坊的挖矿情况。以太坊宣称采用的共识机制是PoS，也就是权益证明，但是目前并没有实现，以太坊目前还停留在PoW，只是以太坊的PoW和比特币的PoW有一些不同的地方。
To sum up, we are focusing on mining in Ether. The consensus mechanism that Ether claims to use is PoS, which is proof of rights, but it has not yet been realized, and it is still in PoW, except that there are some differences between the Pow and Bitcoin PoWs in Ether.
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