原标题：司法存证进入区块链时代
来源：区块链Truth 作者：贝尔 编辑：贺树龙
继发票上链，存证上链也即将走入大众生活。
Links to invoices are also about to enter public life.
9月18日，杭州互联网法院宣布司法区块链正式上线运行，成为全国首家应用区块链技术定纷止争的法院。
On 18 September, the Hangzhou Internet Court declared the judicial block chain officially operational and became the country's first court to settle disputes over the application of block chain technology.
实际上两个月前，该法院的一起案件，就让区块链领域炸了锅：曾经为了“自证清白”而花费上千元的侵权官司，到了区块链这里，十来块钱就搞定了。
In fact, two months ago, in a case before the Court, the block chain was blown up: a tort case that used to cost thousands of dollars for “self-incrimination” came to the block chain, and ten dollars were settled.
此后，区块链+司法的一系列利好随之而来：7月23日,山东省司法厅在召开的党委会上宣布,山东将充分发挥司法行政职能优势,为山东高质量发展打造最佳营商法治环境，其中一个方式就是探索“区块链+司法行政”的实现形式；9月7日，最高人民法院公布《最高人民法院关于互联网审理案件若干问题的规定》，对区块链等技术收集证据的法律效力予以确认；9月9日，北京互联网法院挂牌成立，受理的第一起信息网络传播权纠纷案便采用区块链技术取证；随后，江苏省司法厅召开的全省司法行政系统信息化工作会议上，又提出将引入区块链等先进技术，实现“不见面办理公证”。
Since then, the chain of blocks and the administration of justice has been accompanied by a series of benefits: on 23 July, the Shandong Provincial Department of Justice announced at a meeting of the Party Council that Shandong would take full advantage of the administration of justice function and create the best business environment for the high-quality development of Shandong, including by exploring the modalities for the realization of the “block chain and the administration of justice”; on 7 September, the Supreme People's Court published the Supreme People's Court's Rules on Certain Questions for the Hearing of Cases on the Internet, confirming the legal validity of the collection of evidence, such as the block chain; on 9 September, the Beijing Internet Court was established and the first information network communication dispute was processed using the technical evidence of the block chain; and on 7 September, the Provincial Judicial Office of Jiangsu proposed the introduction of advanced techniques, such as the block chain, to achieve “non-visiting”.
区块链并非万能，但是在某些领域，比如司法取证、存证，它却能大大提升传统行为的效率，降低操作成本。
Block chains are not all-embracing, but in certain areas, such as forensic evidence and documentation, they can significantly increase the efficiency of traditional behaviour and reduce operating costs.
当越来越多人意识到，炒币、投机之外的区块链的确有另一番应用时，“币圈寒冬”之外的区块链技术，正走向另一个春天。
When more and more people realize that there is another application of the chain of blocks outside the currency of speculation and speculation, the technology of blocks outside the “winter of the currency” is moving towards another spring.
让数据成为证据
2009年，比特币刚刚诞生。
In 2009, Bitcoin was just born.
此时，在我国西南的重庆，几名学习电子证据的大学毕业生正在为一个实验项目绞尽脑汁。项目研究的是，如何将电子数据变为电子证据。
At this time, in Chongqing, south-west of the country, several university graduates studying electronic evidence are strewning their minds on a pilot project to study how to turn electronic data into electronic evidence.
传统司法体系是线下的，法院、仲裁、公证等的业务都需要线下办理。但是信息化的时代，线上化已经成为趋势。而司法线上化，彼时还是无人试探。电子证据，是一个突破口。
Traditional justice systems are downline, and courts, arbitration, notaries, etc., need to be downlined. But, in an age of informatization, onlineization has become a trend.
但是相比于白纸黑字的实体信息，电子数据更容易被篡改，如何将电子数据确权、加密固定成电子证据，这成了关键问题。
However, electronic data are more easily tampered with than physical information in black and white, and the key issue is how electronic data can be authenticated and encrypted into electronic evidence.
经过多番试验后，团队得出了一种方式：对数据提取摘要后，通过哈希运算的方式算出摘要的哈希值，将哈希值和事件计入一条环环相扣的“链”上。项目也因此取名“超级哈希摘要链”。
After multiple trials, the team came up with a way: the summary Hashi values are calculated by the Hashi operation and the Hashi values and events are placed in a chain of interlocking links. The project is therefore named the Super Hashi Summary Chain.
彼时没有“区块链”这一概念。但今天来看，这个项目当时已经具备了区块链的一些主要特征初步。
There was no “block chain” at the time. Today, however, the project had some of the main features of the block chain at that time.
2012年新修订的《民事诉讼法》正式将“电子数据”规定为法定证据种类之一，电子证据在诉讼中取得了合法地位，意味着聊天记录、电子邮件、网页截图、微博私信等都可以作为证据使用。
The newly amended Code of Civil Procedure of 2012 formally defines “electronic data” as one of the types of evidence required by law. Electronic evidence has acquired legal standing in the proceedings, meaning that personal letters such as chat records, e-mails, web screenshots, /span> may be used as evidence.
日后存证上链，奠定了基础。
We'll check the chain and lay the groundwork.
2014年，这个“超级哈希摘要链”的项目开始公司化运营，公司便是易保全。
In 2014, the “Super Hash Summary Chain” project began to operate in a corporate setting, making it easy for the company to preserve.
易保全创始人兼CEO 刘刚取名“易保全”，本意就是希望让客户公司的核心数据更容易保全。
The name “easy to keep” is intended to make the core data of the client company easier to preserve.
然而单纯做数据保全，在彼时并不被人们理解。“甚至有些人会觉得，我的数据保全在我这里已经很安全，如果让第三方公司做反而容易被泄露、不安全了。”易保全联合创始人、常务副总裁任可说。
But simply data preservation is not understood in each other. “Some people will even feel that my data security is safe here, and that if it is made by a third-party company, it is not safe to be leaked.” The Co-founder, the Managing Vice-President, may say.
直到2015年P2P兴起，网上交易签约的方式，让合同保存成为刚需。此后随着网贷、现金贷等互联网金融方式出现，网络合同成为助推数据保全发展的重要力量。
Until the rise of P2P in 2015, online transactions were contracted in such a way that contract preservation became a necessity. Since then, with the emergence of Internet finance, such as Internet lending, cash loans, etc., web contracts have become an important force in the development of data preservation.
与此同时，随着一些合同纠纷案出现，仲裁、公证、律师事务所等司法机构也相继加入合同数据保全这一环。如此一来，一个容纳了司法服务机构、数据产生方、数据使用方、数据存储方的联盟形成了，进而发展成一条基于区块链保全的联盟链。
At the same time, with the emergence of a number of contractual disputes, jurisdictions such as arbitration, notaries, law firms, etc. have joined the chain of contract data preservation. As a result, a coalition of judicial services, data generators, data users, and data storage parties has developed into a chain of alliances based on block chain preservation.
任可称，基于易保全的底层联盟链，公司目前已经探索出四大类应用：在电子合同领域的君子签，在知识产权领域的微版权，在仲裁领域的智能仲裁系统仲裁宝，在智能催收领域的崔大师。此外智能法院也即将落地，数据保全业务延伸至法院领域。
It may be argued that based on the easily preserved bottom chain of alliances, the company has now explored four broad categories of applications: gentlemen's signatures in the area of electronic contracts, micro-licensings in the area of intellectual property, arbitration treasures in the field of smart arbitration systems in the field of arbitration, and Master Choi in the field of intelligent recovery. In addition, intelligent courts are about to arrive, and data preservation operations extend to the area of courts.
截至目前（9月18日），易保全官网的实时数据显示，保全链的区块高度已达到1977484，平台保全金额为14485亿207万3888元，保全数量为12亿3922万4912份，保全人数2879万5780人。
As of now (18 September), real-time data from the ENP show that the chain of protection has reached its height of 1977484, with a total of $144,885 million, 2.07 million, 3888 dollars, 1,239.22 million,4912 units and 2,879,5780 persons.
难在“自证清白”
存证上链，已经被越来越多的机构和政府单位认可，区块链落地司法被看做一个较有潜力的方向。但是在早先，最难的是作为第三方单位，如何向客户说明数据上链的价值，同时还要“自证清白”。
The chain of identification has been recognized by a growing number of agencies and government units, and the block chain of justice is seen as a more promising direction. But, earlier, it was the most difficult way to explain the value of the data chain to clients as a third-party unit, with “self-incrimination” at the same time.
“比方说我找到一家公司，告诉他可以把数据存到我的链上，成为一种数字存证。但是对方会首先觉得，自己的数据为什么要存放到第三方，存到第三方是否会不安全。”任可说。
“For example, I found a company that told him that he could put the data on my chain and become a digital record. But the other side would first feel why it was necessary to store its data to a third party and whether it was not safe to store it to a third party.” Let's just say.
他要解释，为什么司法上的存证数据必须由第三方公司保存，以及区块链平台保存的存证数据，如何更具有价值，“只需要一些简单的操作，就可以数秒内完成线上签约，不受地理限制。相比纸质合同不仅效率高、成本低，还更加安全，而且合同纠纷处理更加轻松。”
He would like to explain why the judicially documented data must be kept by third-party companies, and how the documented data kept by block-chain platforms is more valuable: “It takes a few simple operations to complete the online contract within a few seconds without geographical restrictions. It is not only more efficient, less costly, safer than paper-based contracts, but also easier to deal with contractual disputes.”
有时候，在他们看来比较常识的问题，对普通大众却最难解释，比如为什么哈希运算是不可逆的。
Sometimes it is more difficult to explain to the general public the problems they see as common sense, such as why the Hashemite Movement is irreversible.
通常他要告诉对方，上链的数据通过哈希运算后不可逆，且数据的哈希值在链上环环相扣，根本无法改动，“改一处，整个链的数据就变了。”
Usually he tells the other side that the top-chain data is unreversible after they have been calculated through Hashi and that the Hash values of the data are interlocked around the chain and cannot be changed at all.
保全链的模式图为了让客户取得信任，易保全探索出两种模式：其一是SaaS模式，小型企业数据量小，价格敏感，可以将数据分布式存储在易保全的云服务器上，这种方式可以做到将每次的数据上链价格低到2元；另外一种则是自建服务器模式，通过在大型企业的场地构建一个“节点”，让数据在本地化存储，这种方式企业不仅需要承担服务器费用，还要承担解决方案服务费用、运维费用，好处是所有数据原文都在本地，更符合企业信息化建设安全要求。
In order to build trust among clients, two models are explored: the SaaS model, where small quantities of small enterprise data are available and price-sensitive, where data distribution can be stored on easily preserved cloud servers, which can bring the price of each data chain down to $2; and the self-built server model, where data can be stored locally through the construction of a “node” at the site of a large enterprise, in which enterprises not only bear the cost of the server, but also the cost of the solution services, the cost of the transport, the benefit of which is that all the original data are local and more in line with the security requirements of the enterprise's informationization.
好在随着杭州互联网法院的一场判例，确认了区块链存证的法律效力；而最高法又对区块链等技术收集证据的法律效力予以确认。
Fortunately, with a jurisprudence of the Hangzhou Internet Court, the legal effect of the chain of blocks was confirmed, while the supreme law confirmed the legal effect of the collection of evidence by techniques such as the block chain.
尽管链上数据存证的法律效力得到确认，但如何将数据存证上链仍是一个问题。
Although the legal validity of data on the chain is confirmed, how to record data on the chain remains a problem.
在今年6月底杭州互联网法院的那场判例中，原告通过第三方存证平台，进行了侵权网页的自动抓取及侵权页面的源码识别，并将这两项内容和调用日志等的压缩包计算成哈希值，上传至Factom区块链和比特币区块链中。
In the case of the Hangzhou Internet Court at the end of June this year, the plaintiff, through the third party record platform, made automatic tort page grabs and tort page source identification, and calculated these two content and compressed packages, such as call logs, as Hashi values, to be uploaded into the Fedom block chain and into the Bitcoin block chain.
然而对于第三方存证平台而言，如何将平台已有的数据上链，是一项浩大的工程，“数据结构是否匹配，什么样的数据该上链、什么样的数据不用上链，节点怎么部署，如何将仲裁、公证、律所接入链上，这些都不是一蹴而就的事情。”任可说。
However, for a third-party platform, how to chain data that is already available to the platform is a huge undertaking, “it is not a matter of a single moment to say whether the data structure matches, what data is the upper chain, what data is not, how nodes are deployed, how arbitration, notarization, and the law firm are connected to the chain.”
上链的存证并不能完全可信
上链后的电子数据，只要有任何一个节点存在，就可以随时通过电子数据取证，并且可以由节点的权威机构提供鉴定报告，出示公证函，或者仲裁机构可直接从其运维的节点中获取和验证数据，从而保证电子数据证据的有效性。
Electronic data following the chain, whenever any one node exists, can be extracted through electronic data at any time and can be provided by the node authority with an identification report, a notarized letter or the arbitral institution can obtain and verify data directly from the node of its transport, thereby guaranteeing the validity of electronic data evidence.
那上链后得到电子数据就能完全可信吗？
Is it completely credible that you get electronic data after you've been chained up?
图片来源于网络今年6月，杭州互联网法院认定侵害作品信息网络传播纠纷案中电子数据的真实性、可靠性的依据有如下几点：
In June of this year, the Hangzhou Internet Court found that the basis for the authenticity and reliability of electronic data in the dispute over the dissemination of information about works networks was the following:
1、电子数据是通过自动抓取程序进行网页截图、源码识别，可以保证电子数据来源真实；
Electronic data are web screenshots and source-IDs through automatic grab procedures, which guarantee the authenticity of the source of electronic data;
2、对电子数据的存证固定采用的是符合相关标准的区块链技术，可以保证电子数据的可靠性；
2. The storage of electronic data is fixed by block chain technology that meets the relevant criteria and ensures the reliability of electronic data;
3、确认电子数据内容的完整性，即电子数据Hash值能验算一致未被修改；
3. Confirmation of the integrity of the content of the electronic data, i.e. the consistency of the electronic data Hash values has not been modified;
4、通过技术验证确认一致，并且与其他证据能够相互印证，该电子数据可以作为该案件侵权认定依据。
The electronic data can be used as a basis for finding torts in the case.
这一案件中，区块链技术被用于电子数据证据的固定、保全，受到法院采纳；在最高院新司法解释中，可信时间戳、哈希值校验以及区块链等技术形式，本质上也是一种固定存证技术。
In this case, block chain technology was used for the fixation, preservation and adoption of electronic data evidence by the courts; in the new judicial interpretation of the Supreme Court, the technical forms of credible time stamping, Hashi value verification and block chain were also in essence a fixed record technology.
杭州互联网法院认为，采用区块链等技术进行存证固定的电子数据，应根据电子数据的相关法律规定综合判断其证据效力。
The Hangzhou Internet Court held that the use of techniques such as block chains for the recording of fixed electronic data should be evaluated in a consolidated manner in accordance with the relevant legal provisions on electronic data.
部分电子数据的真实性很可能在被抓取之前，因其所处设备或网络环境存在问题，彼时便受到了“破坏”，导致存证下来的证据包天然不具有可信力。
The authenticity of some of the electronic data is likely to be “damaged” at some point before being captured because of problems with the equipment or network environment in which it is located, resulting in the documented evidence package being naturally untrustworthy.
因此，即不能因为区块链等技术本身属于新兴复杂技术而排斥或提高其认定标准，也不能因为该技术具有难以篡改、删除的特点而降低其认定标准。
Thus, technology, such as block chains, cannot be excluded or enhanced because it is inherently an emerging and complex technology, nor can it be reduced because of the difficult character of the technology to tamper with and delete it.
这就意味着，区块链落地司法存证领域，仍有待解之题。但是相比传统方式，这无疑已经是一个巨大的进步。
This means that the area of judicial evidence in the block chain is still to be solved. But this is certainly a great step forward compared to the traditional approach.
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