区块链技术是利用块链式数据结构来验证与存储数据、利用分布式节点共识算法来生成和更新数据、利用密码学的方式保证数据传输和访问的安全、利用由自动化脚本代码组成的智能合约来编程和操作数据的一种全新的分布式基础架构与计算方式 。其应用场景与发展前景，对实体产业与互联网技术的进步，将产生重大的积极意义。
Block chain technology is an entirely new distributed base structure and calculation of data using block chain data structures to validate and store data, use distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, use cryptography to secure data transmission and access, and use smart contracts made up of automated script codes to program and operate data. Its application landscape and development prospects will have significant positive implications for the advancement of real industry and Internet technology.
1、银行业
1. Banking
本质上来说，银行是一个安全的存储仓库和价值的交换中心，而区块链作为一种数字化的、安全的以及防篡改的总账账簿可以达到相同的功效。事实上，瑞士银行UBS和在英国的巴克莱银行都已经开始进行实验，希望将它作为一种方法来加速推动后台系统功能以及清结算能力。银行业的一些机构声称区块链可能减少200亿的中间人成本。这并不令人惊奇，银行作为越来越多的金融服务巨头的一份子，正在区块链创业领域中投资。
In essence, banks are a safe repository and a clearing house for value, and the chain of blocks can be equally effective as a digital, secure, and tamper-proof general ledger. In fact, Swiss banks UBS and the Bank of Barclays in the United Kingdom have started to experiment, hoping to use it as a way of accelerating back-office system functionality and clearing capacity.
R3CEV公司，这个金融联合体已经有了50家公司，他们正在为金融行业开发定制化的区块链。Thought Machine集团已经开发了名为Vault OS的基于私链技术以及加密总账账簿的银行系统，无论开业多久或规模大小的银行都可适应这套安全的点对点金融系统。
R3CEV, a financial consortium that already has 50 companies, is developing customized block chains for the financial sector. The Thought Machine Group has developed a banking system called Vault OS, based on private chain technology and encrypted master accounts, which banks can adapt to a secure point-to-point financial system, regardless of how long they operate.
2、支付和现金交易
2. Payments and cash transactions
世界经济论坛声称去中心化支付技术，类似比特币，可以因现金交易模式而改变“商业架构”，现今的架构已经固定存在了100余年。区块链，可能绕开这些笨重的系统，创建一个更直接的支付流，它可在国内或跨国界，并且无需中介，以超低费率几乎瞬时速度的方式支付。是一家创业公司，它正在利用区块链技术为全球的比特币以及基于区块链技术传输的现金交易而服务。
The World Economic Forum claims that decentralised payment techniques, similar to Bitcoin, can change “ business architecture & & rdquo; and that today’s architecture has been in place for over 100 years. Block chains, which may bypass these heavy systems, create a more direct payment flow that can be paid internally or across national borders, without the need for intermediaries, at almost instantaneous rates. It is an start-up company that is using block chain technology to service global bitcoins and cash transactions based on block chain technology.
3、股票交易
3. Stock trading
很多年来，许多公司致力于使得买进、卖出、交易股票的过程变得容易。新兴区块链创业公司认为，区块链技术可以使这一过程更加安全和自动化，并且比以往任何解决方案都要更有效率。Overstock公司的子公司TØ.com想要应用区块链技术实现股票交易的网络化。Wired杂志报告说，Overstock公司已经实现了应用区块链去发行私有债券，但是现在SEC(美国证券交易委员会)已经批准TØ.com发行公有债券。与此同时，区块链初创公司Chain正和纳斯达克合作，通过区块链实现私有公司的股权交易。
Over the years, many companies have worked to make the process of buying, selling, and trading shares easier. Emerging block chain starters believe that block chain technology can make the process safer and more automated, and more efficient than any previous solution. Overstock’s subsidiary, TØ.com, wants to use block chain technology to network stock trading.
4、供应链金融
4. Supply chain finance
基于区块链的供应链金融和贸易金融是基于分布式网络改造现有的大规模协作流程的典型。区块链可以缓解信息不对称的问题，十分适合供应链金融的发展。供应链中商品从卖家到买家伴随着货币支付活动，在高信贷成本和企业现金流需求的背景下，金融服务公司提供商品转移和货款支付保障。供应链溯源防伪、交易验真、及时清算的特点将解决现有贸易金融网络中的诸多痛点，塑造下一代供应链金融的基础设施。
Supply chain-based finance and trade finance are typically based on distributed networks to transform existing large-scale collaborative processes. Block chains can mitigate information asymmetries and are well suited to supply chain finance development.
5、可编程金融
5. Programming finance
金融资产的交易是相关各方之间基于一定交易规则达成的合约。可编程金融意味着代码能充分表达这些业务合约的逻辑。智能合约使区块链的功能不再局限于发送、接受和存储财产。资产所有者无需通过各种中介机构就能直接发起交易。
A financial asset transaction is a contract between the parties concerned based on certain trading rules. Programming finance means that the code fully expresses the logic of these business contracts.
6、跨境银行间清算
6. Cross-border inter-bank liquidation
银行间清算市场是区块链另一个极其适合应用的场景。与互助保险类似，参与清算系统的各银行之间也是平等的关系，不过与互助保险相反，银行清算具有极大的市场价值，但是实现起来困难重重。
The inter-bank clearing market is another particularly suitable setting for the block chain. Similar to mutual insurance, there is an equal relationship between the banks involved in the clearing system, although, contrary to mutual insurance, bank liquidation has great market value, but it is difficult to achieve it.
每个银行都会有自己的清算系统，用户在支付和转账的时候，就会在银行间形成交易，分别被两个银行记录，这就涉及到银行间对账和结算的问题。根据麦肯锡的测算，区块链技术可以将跨国交易的成本从每笔26美元降低到15美元。高盛也在一份报告中指出，区块链技术将为资本市场每年节约60亿美元的成本。
Each bank will have its own clearing system, and when paying and transferring, the user will make a transaction between the banks, recorded by two banks, which raises the issue of inter-bank reconciliation and settlement. According to McKinsey, block-chain technology can reduce the cost of cross-border transactions from $26 to $15.
7、学术研究
Academic research
Holbertson是一家位于美国加利福尼亚州的提供软件技术培训课程的学校，宣布将使用区块链技术认证学历证书。这将确保学生声称在Holbertson通过的课程，都是他们实际被鉴定合格的。如果更多的学校开始采用公开透明的学历证书、成绩单和文凭，可能更容易解决学历欺诈的问题，更不用说时间和成本的节约，并避免人工检查和减少纸质文件。
Holbertson, a California-based school offering training courses in software technology, announced that it would use block-chain technology to certify certificates of qualifications. This will ensure that students claim that courses passed at Holbertson are actually certified.
8、选举
VIII. ELECTIONS
选举需要对选民身份认证、安全的保存记录以追踪选票，以及能够信赖的计数器来决定谁是胜选者。区块链可以为投票过程，选票跟踪和统计选票而服务，以至于不会存在选民欺诈、记录丢失或者不公平的行为。基于在区块链上的投票交易，选民会同意的最终计数，因为他们可以计算自己的票，因为区块链的审计线索，可以确认没有票被修改或删除，并没有不正当投票。Follow My Vote是一家被Kickstarter众筹资助的企业，它决心建设一套端到端可验证的在线投票系统。
Elections require voter identification, secure record-keeping to track votes, and a reliable numerator to determine who is the winner. Block chains can serve the voting process, ballot tracking and counting of votes so that there is no voter fraud, loss of records, or unfairness. On the basis of voting transactions on block chains, voters will agree to the final count, as they can count their votes, because the section chain audit trail can confirm that no vote has been modified or deleted and that no vote has been cast.
9、汽车业
9. Automobile industry
去年宣布合伙使用区块链建立一个概念证明来简化汽车租赁过程，并把它建成一个“点击，签约，和驾驶”的过程。未来的客户选择他们想要租赁的汽车，进入区块链的公共总账;然后，坐在驾驶座上，客户签订租赁协议和保险政策，而区块链则是同步更新信息。 这不是一个想象，对于汽车销售和汽车登记来说，这种类型的过程也可能会发展为现实。
Last year, the partnership block chain was announced as a conceptual proof to simplify the car rental process and to make it a & ldquo; click, sign, and drive & & & & ; process. Future customers choose the cars they want to rent, enter the public masters of the block chain; then, sit in the driver’s seat, and the client signs the lease agreement and the insurance policy, while the block chain updates the information.
10、物联网
10. Material networking
IBM和三星一直致力于一个理念，称之为ADEPT，使用区块链技术形成一个物联网设备去中心化网络的主体。根据CoinDesk网站，ADEPT，作为匿名的去中心化的点对点遥感技术，区块链可以成为大量设备的一种公共账簿，它们将不再需要有一个中央化的路由在他们之间居中交通。
IBM and Samsung have been working on the idea of using block-chain technology to form a centralised network of devices. According to CoinDesk, ADEPT, as an anonymous decentralized point remote sensing technology, block-chains can be a public book of large amounts of equipment that will no longer require a centralized route between them.
在没有了中央控制系统来验证之后，设备将能够在它们之间互相匿名传输，并管理软件的更新、错误，或者进行能源管理。 其它公司也希望在物联网平台中整合区块链技术。例如，Filament公司正在使用区块链来建设一种去中心化网络，希望传感器可以互相传输。该公司已获得了A轮500万美元的投资，Verizon投资公司和三星投资公司都参与了本次投资。
Without a central control system for validation, the equipment will be able to transmit anonymously between them, and manage software updates, errors, or energy management. Other companies also want to integrate block chain technology into the physical networking platform.
11、预测
11. Projections
整个研究、分析、咨询预测行业将被区块链所震撼。在线众筹平台Augur希望投资在去中心化的预测市场。这家公司宣称它将提供一种服务，它就像一种普通的赌博交易场所。这整个过程将去中心化，并将不仅提供场所让用户对体育和股票进行下注，还可投注在其他方面，例如选举和自然灾害。 ”这个主意将超越体育彩票，而创建一个“预测市场”。
The entire research, analysis, and consulting forecasting industry will be shaken by the chain of blocks. The online public fund-raising platform Augur wants to invest in a decentralised forecast market. The company claims that it will provide a service that is like a common casino. The whole process will be decentralised and will provide a place not only for users to put a bet on sports and stocks, but also on other aspects, such as elections and natural disasters. & rdquo; this idea will go beyond sports lottery to create & & & & & & & & & ; predict markets & & & rdquao;
12、在线音乐
12. Online music
许多音乐艺术家为了使在线音乐更加公平的共享，他们转而使用区块链技术。据Biilbord报道，三家公司准备为艺术家们建立更加直接的支付通道来解决支付问题，通过自动化智能合约来解决认证问题。
Many music artists switch to block-chain technology in order to share online music more equitably. According to Biilbord, the three companies are going to set up more direct payment channels for artists to address payment problems and certification through automated smart contracts.
PeerTracks系统仍然在开发中，它目的是提供一个音乐流平台，让用户可以在线听音乐并使用区块链技术在无中介的情况下直接支付给艺术家。这个平台也希望在艺术家和客户之间建立更直接的激励方式。除了流媒体，Ujo将是一个更好的方法来分类艺术家和创作者的歌曲;同时像自动化大脑一样在音乐列表背后使用智能合约。
The PeerTracks system is still being developed to provide a music flow platform that allows users to listen to music online and pay artists directly without intermediaries using block chain technology. The platform also wants to create more direct incentives between artists and clients. In addition to streaming media, Ujo will be a better way to classify artists and creators'songs; and to use smart contracts behind music lists like automated brains.
13、共享乘车
13, share the car.
像Uber搭车应用程序似乎是去中心化的反面案例，一个公司作为一个调度中心，利用其算法来控制他们负责的车队司机。以色列创业公司la'zooz想成为一个“反UBER”，据彭博社称。它使用自己的专有的数字货币，类似比特币，使用区块链数字化技术记录货币。人们可以不再使用一个集中的网络出租车叫车服务，人们用la'zooz找到其他人的旅行路线，并通过交换数字货币来进行搭车。有些数字货币将可以在未来搭车的交易中使用。用户挖掘数字货币的过程可让这个APP跟踪他们的位置。
Like the Uber ride application, which appears to be a negative case of decentralisation, a company, as a dispatch centre, uses its algorithm to control the drivers of the motorcade for which they are responsible. The Israeli entrepreneur la'zooz wants to be a “ anti-UBER” according to Bloomberg. It uses its own unique digital currency, similar to Bitcoin, and records currency using block-chain digital technology. People can no longer use a centralized Internet taxi to call their car service, and people use la'zooz to find other people's travel routes and ride by exchanging digital money. Some digital money will be used in future transactions.
14、房地产
14. Real estate
买卖产权的过程中的痛点在于：交易过程中和交易后缺乏透明，大量的文书工作，潜在的欺诈行为，公共记录中的错误等等，而这些还仅仅只是一部分。区块链提供了一个途径去实现无纸化和快速交易的需求。房地产区块链应用可以帮助记录、追溯和转移地契、房契、留置权等等，还给金融公司、产权公司和抵押公司提供了一个平台。区块链技术致力于安全保存文件，同时增强透明性，降低成本。
The pain in buying and selling property rights is that there is a lack of transparency in the course of and after transactions, a great deal of paperwork, potential fraud, errors in public records, and so on, which is only a part of it. Block chains provide a way to achieve paperless and fast-trading needs. Real estate block chain applications can help record, trace and transfer land deeds, deeds, retention rights, etc., and provide a platform for financial companies, equity companies, and mortgage companies.
15、保险
15. Insurance
AirBnB, Tujia, Wimdu等公司，为人们提供了一个途径去暂时交换资产——包括私有住宅，来产生价值。可问题在于，人们几乎无法在这些平台上为他们的资产上保险。与区块链初创公司Stratumn一起，专业服务公司德勤和支付服务提供商Lemonway发布了基于区块链的解决方案，被称作“LenderBot”。
AirBnB, Tujia, Wimdu, etc., provides a way for people to exchange assets & mdash; & mdash; including private homes, to generate value. The problem is that people can hardly insure their assets on these platforms. Together with Stratumn, a start-up block chain company, the professional service provider, Deloitte and the payment provider Lemonway, has issued a block-based solution called “ LenderBot”
它是一款为共享经济而设计的微保险概念产品，并且证实了区块链应用与服务在保险行业中的潜力。LenderBot允许人们注册个性化的微保险产品，并可以通过Facebook Messenger进行交流。其目标是为个人之间交换的高价值物品进行投保，而区块链在贷款合同中扮演着第三方的角色。
It is a microinsurance concept product designed to share the economy, and confirms the potential of block chain applications and services in the insurance industry. LenderBot allows people to register personalized microinsurance products and communicate through Facebook Messenge.
16、医疗
16. Medical
一直以来，医疗机构都要忍受无法在各平台上安全地共享数据。数据提供商之间更好的数据合作意味着更精确的诊断，更有效的治疗，以及提升医疗系统提供经济划算的医疗服务的整体能力。区块链技术可以让医院、患者和医疗利益链上的各方在区块链网络里共享数据，而不必担忧数据的安全性和完整性。
Better data collaboration among data providers means more accurate diagnosis, more effective treatment, and upgrading the overall capacity of the health-care system to provide cost-effective medical services. Block chain technology allows hospitals, patients, and parties in the medical interest chain to share data in the network of blocks without worrying about their safety and integrity.
如：初创公司Gem发布了Gem健康网络——提供了一个实现多重签名和多因素验证技术的以太坊平台，去创造出一个安全通用的数据结构。Tierion是另一个区块链初创公司，其建立了一个医疗数据存储和验证的平台。Gem和Tierion均和飞利浦医疗保健公司在飞利浦区块链实验室进行合作。
For example: Gem, a start-up company, published Gem Health Network & mdash; & mdash; provided an Etherm platform to achieve multiple signatures and multi-factor validation techniques to create a secure and common data structure. Tierion, another start-up company in the block chain, created a platform for the storage and validation of medical data. Gem and Tierion worked with Philip Health at the Fibre Chain Laboratory in Philip District.
17、政府
17. Government
政务信息、项目招标等信息公开透明，政府工作通常受公众关注和监督，由于区块链技术能够保证信息的透明性和不可更改性，对政府透明化管理的落实有很大的作用。政府项目招标存在一定的信息不透明性，而企业在密封投标过程中也存在信息泄露风险。区块链能够保证投标信息无法篡改，并能保证信息的透明性，在彼此不信任的竞争者之间形成信任共识。并能够通过区块链安排后续的智能合约，保证项目的建设进度，一定程度上防止了腐败的滋生。
The transparency of information such as government information, project tenders, etc., is usually the subject of public attention and oversight. The implementation of transparent government management is greatly facilitated by block-chain technology, which ensures transparency and irreversibility of information. There is a certain degree of opacity in government bidding for projects, and there is a risk that companies will leak information during the sealed bidding process. The block-chain ensures that tender information cannot be tampered with and that it is transparent, creating a consensus of trust among competitors who do not trust each other.
18、公益
18. Public good
公益流程中相关的信息，如捐赠项目、募集明细、资金流向等信息都可以存放在区块链上进行公示。在一些更复杂的公益场景，如定向捐赠、有条件捐赠，也可以用智能合约进行管理，使公益行为更加透明，可被社会监管。福利救助的分配是另一个区块链技术可以应用的领域，区块链可以帮助公共管理更加简单、安全。如：GovCoin Systems Limited公司是一家总部位于伦敦的金融科技公司，其正在支持英国政府在福利分配领域的工作。
For example, GovCoin Systems Limited, a London-based financial science and technology company, is supporting the British government’s work in the area of welfare allocation.
19、体育
19. Sports
对运动员进行投资逐渐成为了体育管理机构和公司的关注点，但是区块链通过民主化粉丝的能力去获得现在的体育明星在未来的金融股份，可以将投资运动员的过程去中心化。这一利用区块链去投资运动员并获得收益的概念并没有大规模被尝试。
Investments in athletes have gradually become a focus of attention for sports administrations and companies, but the block chain, through the ability of democratic fans to acquire the financial shares of current sports stars in the future, can centralize the process of investing in athletes. This concept of using the block chain to invest in athletes and reap benefits has not been tried on a large scale.
The Jetcoin Institute，提出了虚拟货币(Jetcoin)的概念，即粉丝可以用虚拟货币来投资他们喜爱的运动员，然后有机会获得运动员未来收益的一部分，包括VIP活动和观赛座位升级等等。Jetcoin已经与意大利的Hellas Verona足球队达成合作去实验这一想法。
The Jetcoin Institute, which proposes the concept of virtual money (Jetcoin), in which fans can invest in their favorite athletes in virtual currency and then have the opportunity to gain a share of the future benefits of athletes, including VIP activities and competition seat upgrades, etc. Jetcoin has worked with the Italian Hellas Verona football team to experiment with the idea.
20、供应链管理
20 Supply chain management
区块链技术最具普遍应用性的方面之一就是它使得交易更加安全，监管更加透明。简单来说，供应链就是一系列交易节点，它连接着产品从供应端到销售端或终端的全过程。从生产到销售，产品历经了供应链的多个环节，有了区块链技术，交易就会被永久性、去中心化地记录，这降低了时间延误、成本和人工错误。
One of the most common applications of block chain technology is that it makes transactions safer and more transparent. Simply put, the supply chain is a series of trading nodes that connect the product from the end of supply to the end of the sale or terminal. From production to sale, the product passes through multiple segments of the supply chain and, with block chain technology, transactions are recorded permanently and decentralised, reducing time delays, costs and manual errors.
许多区块链初创公司涌入这一领域：Provenance正在为原材料和产品建立一个可追溯系统，Fluent提供了一个全球供应链借贷平台，Skuchain为B2B交易和供应链金融市场创造了一些基于区块链的产品。
Many start-ups of block chains have entered this area: Provence is creating a traceability system for raw materials and products, Fluent provides a global supply chain lending platform, and Skuchain has created a number of block-based products for B2B transactions and supply chain financial markets.
21、能源管理
21. Energy management
能源管理是另一个长久以来高度中心化的产业。在美国，如果你想交易能源，你必须经过一个可信任的能源持有公司，例如Duke Energy，或者在英国，则是国家电网，或者与已经从大的电力公司购买完的再销售方进行交易。
Energy management is another industry that has long been highly central. In the United States, if you want to trade in energy, you have to go through a trusted energy holding company, such as Duke Energy, or, in the United Kingdom, the national electricity grid, or with a re-saler that has already purchased it from a large power company.
初创公司，例如Transactive Grid，这是LO3 Energy和在布鲁克林的以太坊机构Consensys的合资公司，应用以太坊区块链技术来允许消费者在去中心化的能源生产架构中进行交易，并且允许人们有效地生产能源和邻居之间买卖能源。
Start-up companies, such as Transactive Grid, a joint venture between LO3 Energy and Consensys, an Etherian agency in Brooklyn, have been used to allow consumers to trade in decentralised energy production structures and to allow people to effectively produce energy and buy and sell energy between their neighbours.
22、云存储
22 Cloud storage
目前提供云存储的公司大都将客户数据放在中心化的数据库中，这提高了黑客盗取信息的危害性。区块链云存储方案允许去中心化的存储。Stori的云存储网络产品的Beta版，旨在提升数据安全性，降低在云端存储信息的交易成本。
Most of the companies that currently provide cloud storage place customer data in a centralized database, which increases the risk of hackers stealing information. The block chain cloud storage program allows central storage. The Beta version of the cloud storage network product at Stori aims to improve data security and reduce transaction costs of storing information on cloud ends.
Stori用户甚至还可以出租他们未使用的电子存储空间，这或许能创造一个众包的云存储空间容量的新市场。
Stori users can even rent electronic storage space that they do not use, which may create a new market for crowd-packed cloud storage space capacity.
23、礼品卡和会员项目
23. Gift cards and membership items
区块链可以帮助提供礼品卡和会员项目的零售商，使得他们的系统更廉价、更安全。几乎不用任何中间人来处理销售交易和礼品卡的发行，应用区块链技术的礼品卡的获取过程和使用过程将更加有效和廉价。同样的，区块链独有的验证技术使得欺诈保护手段进一步升级，可以减少成本、阻止非法用户获取被盗账户。
Block chains can help retailers that provide gift cards and membership projects, making their systems cheaper and safer. Few intermediaries are needed to handle sales transactions and gift card issuances, and the process of acquiring and using gift cards that apply block chain technology will be more efficient and inexpensive.
Gyft是First Data旗下的一家购买、赠送、兑换礼品卡的在线平台，其正在与区块链架构提供商Chain进行合作，在区块链上为数以千计的小商户提供礼品卡业务，这一项目被称作“Gyft Block”。
Gyft, an online platform for the purchase, gift and exchange of gift cards under the First Data flag, is working with Chain, a block chain structure provider, to provide gift card operations for thousands of small businesses on the block chain, known as “ Gyft Block”
24、智能合同
24. Smart contracts
智能合同实际上是在另一个物体的行动上发挥功能的电脑程序。和普通电脑程序一样，智能合同也是一种“如果-然后”功能，但区块链技术实现了这些“合同”的自动填写，无需人工介入。这种合同最终可能会取代法律行业的核心业务，即在商业和民事领域起草和管理合同的业务。
Smart contracts are in fact computer programs that function on the actions of another object. Like normal computer programs, smart contracts are & & & & & & quo; functions, but block chain technologies achieve these & & & & & & &, without manual intervention. Such contracts may eventually replace the core business of the legal profession, i.e., the business of drafting and managing contracts in the commercial and civil fields.
25、电子商务
25. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
区块链在电子商务领域的应用代表是OpenBazaar。这是一个开源项目，目的是创建一个使用比特币的去中心化且不受约束的点对点电子商务网络。该平台不同于其同行，相对于访问购物网站，该平台能够被下载下来，并直接将用户与其他正在寻找商品和服务买家或卖家的人连接。火币区块链研究中心了解到，消费者如今将可以使用除比特币之外的多种数字资产在OpenBazaar上进行购物。
The block chain application in the area of e-commerce is represented by OpenBazaar. This is an open-source project designed to create a decentralised and unbridled point-to-point e-commerce network using Bitcoin. Unlike its peers, the platform can be downloaded as opposed to accessing a shopping website, and connects users directly to others who are looking for goods and services buyers or sellers.
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